Thymine

breakthrough in the treatment of these bacteria contaminated food is exposure of the food source to UV light. UV light processing is a relatively new form of food manufacturing and can improve the safety of food by killing harmful bacteria such as E. coli without any significant loss in its quality (Koutchma, 2008). To achieve complete microbial inactivation, the UV exposure must be at least 400 J/m2 to all parts of the food source and the wavelength set to 254nm (Worobo, 2013). Moderate exposure poses no significant harm to the food substance and will only damage the bacteria. One example of this damage is in the form of a DNA mutation where pairs of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases are formed (Rammelsberg, 1998). Increasing exposure will lead to the formation of more thymine dimers and other mutations, preventing the bacteria cells from being able to carry out their basic functions like growing and reproducing. To test how well E. coli can recover after being exposed to a small dosage of U.V. light and see if it can potentially serve as a treatment of E. coli from food and water sources, I have devised an experiment to test the recovery rates of E. coli in various environments. Four separate plates with the same strand of E. coli will be exposed to UV light at a set wavelength (~300nm) and for a set amount of time (~20 seconds). The growth of these E. coli colonies after being exposed to the light will be studied at room temperature (22 °C) and at a set…

and four different nitrogenous bases. These bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Ribonucleic acid, the molecule formed in the transcription of DNA, is made up of phosphate, ribose, and adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. The backbone of DNA consists of a phosphate bonded to a deoxyribose molecule. Deoxyribose is a sugar containing five carbons, and it is called deoxyribose as it is missing an oxygen atom on C2. The sugar found in RNA is oxygenated at this carbon, and is called…

The structure of DNA is a double helix, like a twisted ladder. The rungs each consist of two bases, either a pair of adenine and thymine, or a pair of cytosine and guanine, and the bases are shuffled, on different sides of the rings in a sequence. The sides of the of the 'ladder' are alternating sugars and phosphate groups. (Sugar-phosphate backbone) On one side of the ladder, the sugars are facing upwards, and on the other they are facing down. Each nucleotide has one deoxyribose sugar(without…

Construction of DNA, RNA, And Protein By Building Models Introduction Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. When these nucleic acids form sequences they create either DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen base. The main difference in RNA and DNA is that uracil replaces the base of thymine in RNA. Proteins are essential to maintaining cells by creating hormones and enzymes, and defending the cell. The arrangement of DNA and RNA bases dictates what protein…

DNA is an important molecule for life. It is much like a manual telling the instructions of how bodies develop and function. DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. What is DNA made of? DNA is a molecule of nucleotides, such as adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. They are shown by their first letter: A- Adenine T- Thymine C- Cytosine G- Guanine The backbone that holds the nucleotides are called phosphate and deoxyribose. The nucleotides are known as bases. Human body has about 210…

Mutations of Penicillium notatum When Introduced to Ultraviolet Radiation in Different Environments Introduction DNA is composed of two strands composed of polynucleotides arranged in a double helix formation composed of four nucleotide subunits: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Each base must form a hydrogen bond with its respective compatible base, therefore adenine always bonds with thymine and guanine always bonds with cytosine. DNA is used to…

1. a) The three parts of a nucleotide are phosphate, nitrogen-containing base, and the deoxyribose sugar. b) Deoxyribose sugar is the sugar that is found in a nucleotide. c) The nitrogen-containing base is the nucleotide component that contains nitrogen. d) The four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1 are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. 2. a) I pointed at a single nucleotide on the ladder model of DNA, on the worksheet. The nucleotide included phosphate, nitrogen-containing base, and…

This paper is going to describe the replication of DNA and RNA and the processes of transcription and translation of protein synthesis. What is DNA? DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells and some viruses, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. DNA sequences are replicated by the cell prior to cell division and may include genes,…

When Francis Crick and James Watson(top photo) discovered the secret of life found in DNA, many believed that the genetic revolution was upon them. As the understanding of genetic code grew, people began to hope for healthier lives and an end of inherited diseases. Although the fear of scientists playing god grew as well. This simple molecule was now basic unit of creation, and another pair of scientists were looking to find how its structure worked. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice…

other cytotoxic alkylating agents, it easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier (12). Temozolomide when orally administered is converted to 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboximide (MTIC) in water/blood with little or no enzymatic component (1). MTIC is broken down to methyldiazonium cation and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AIC). AIC is excreted through the kidneys and methyldiazonium cations deliver methyl groups to DNA (1). O6-methylguanines are formed when these methyl groups are…