Polysaccharide

Biological macromolecules are large molecules made up of smaller organic molecules. There are four classes of bio macromolecules : Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid. For carbohydrates and proteins these smaller molecules are known as monomers. These similar or identical monomers are covalently bonded together to create a large polymer molecule. Monomers, or base units are bonded together to create larger molecules via dehydration. This involves the removal of a water molecule at…

usage and de-escalation of antibiotic use overall, improved vaccination methods remain among the most promising strategies1. Currently, two main S. pneumoniae vaccines exist: PPV23 and PCV13. PPV23 (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) introduces the body to a pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen, covers 23 serotypes, reduces pneumonia severity, and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).2,3 PPV is usually administered to people >64 years old, or those with long term health conditions (ex.…

INTRODUCTION Cellular respiration is the breaking down of organic molecules by means of catabolic pathways that uses electron transport chain to produce ATP (Campbell 2011). ATP is used as energy in the synthesis of light or also known as Photosynthesis . ATP is used by photosynthetic organisms to produce their own food and also by performing cellular respiration. It needs mainly glucose and oxygen that involves the transfer of electrons in a chemical reaction. Cellular respiration is the…

contain carbohydrates in the form of mono-, di- and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose and galactose - is simple carbohydrates, they are readily dissolved in water, it is important for the formation of glycogen in the liver, brain and muscle power, maintain a normal blood sugar level. Disaccharides - sucrose, lactose and maltose – have a sweet taste, the body then split them into two molecules of monosaccharides. Polysaccharides - starch, cellulose, glycogen are complex…

using alpha-amylase. Employing this step we will hydrolyse the starch into smaller chains of polysaccharides with a ratter low Dextrose Equivalent setting up it for step. 7. The liquid-factions performed by a complete scarification to a high DE hydro lysate with amylo-glucosidase to an assortment of the monosaccharide dextrose and also smaller amounts of the disaccharide maltose and also lower polysaccharides. This kind of inter-mediate product will replace the beet and stick sugar in the…

be transformed. (Raven) There are two forms of bacteria, one that causes pneumonia and a nonvirulent that does not. The nonvirulent lacks enzymes to manufacture the coat of polysaccharide. Griffith performed a series of experiments with these types of bacteria on mice. Some mice died and some lived. In the end polysaccharide coat was necessary for virulence. If the virulent bacteria S formed in the first heat-killed then the infection doesn’t harm the experiment, because the coat itself was not…

What are the 3 main nutrients found in the milk pudding? Explain their role in the human body. 1) Protein Our body is made up of billions of cells. The cells are what forms the tissues and organs in our body. Proteins are what makes up the cells and are complex substances that are essential for the building and functions of the cells within our body. a) Growth Repair and maintaining our body cells. Our body requires protein for it to grow healthily and to repair the used body cells and…

produced apart from enhancing the crumb texture and moistness. Increasing levels of sugar affect the gas producing of baker’s yeast and thus rate of dough raised ability since extra food for the yeast are provided by sugars. The main non-starch polysaccharides components in whole wheat flour are the arabinoxylans and pentosans. Their water holding capacity has been known to affect the dough rheology, extensibility and texture (van Hamelet.al., 1993; D’Appolonia and Rayas-Duarte, 1994). Soluble…

3.0 Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows the infrared spectrum for both crosslinked and non-crosslinked films. Both carrageenan and vanillin contain similar functional groups such as CH4, C=O, C-O-C, C-OH. There is no significant difference in the spectrum that can be detected for crosslinked and non-crosslinked film samples. The spectrum can be divided into upper and lower spectrum. In the upper spectrum for the region of 2000 – 3600 cm-1, O-H stretching (3100 – 3600 cm-1) and C-H stretching…

Adrenal medulla:- The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the “fight-or-flight” response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure while decreasing the flow of blood to and function of organs that are not involved in…