Membrane protein

spikes of protein molecules on the outer shell of the envelope that attack other cells with the virus. The ‘H spikes’ are used to infect other cells whereas the ‘N spikes’ are used to break away from the infected cells once copies are made to infect more cells. These “spikes” are known as protein molecules, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. There are 16 known hemagglutinin molecules and 9 neuraminidase. The flu viruses are named depending on how many hemagglutinins and neuraminidase proteins are…

year 2009 in Northern England, for every 100,000 males, 16 had DMD (0.016%). DMD affects males before the age of 5 due to a gene mutation on the X chromosome, thus causing males to be more at risk. The gene mutation prevents the translation of the protein dystrophin…

Beetroot tissues will be the model investigated in this lab. Specifically the effects of temperature stress on the beetroots cellular membrane. Beetroot is known as Beta Vulgaris, it is one of the healthiest vegetables one can eat with plenty of minerals and vitamins. One of the main vitamins in beetroot is betaine which serve as organic osmolytes that are synthesized or taken from the surroundings by the cells to protect against osmotic stress, high temperature or, drought. Roots of beet also…

prokaryotes. While prokaryotes don’t have any membrane-bound organelles in common with eukaryotes, prokaryotes do have some non-membrane-bound components in common with eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are made of several key organelles whose functions of energy production are only found in eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are organelles that make food in the form of carbohydrates by using photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy. Chloroplasts have two membranes that surround themselves…

They both reproduce using binary fission, and move around using flagella. Archaea and bacteria have cell walls on the outside, which provide support, and lets Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, meaning they do not have a nucleus and lack membrane-bound organelles. They are tiny, single-cell organisms called microbes, which cannot be seen by the naked human eye. When we look at them through a microscope, we find that archaea and bacteria resemble each other in shape and size. They exist…

Efflux is a method of facilitated transport carried out by protein complexes that fall into one of six currently identified classes based on their protein structure.44 These complexes are commonly able to recognize more than one substrate, making them a major cause of multidrug resistance, especially in Gram negative organisms.45 As many of these proteins are not expressed constitutively, it may be hard to predict the effect these complexes have on in-vivo treatment; many are tightly regulated…

DNA ISOLATION INTRODUCTION: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation is an extraction process of DNA from various sources. Methods used to isolate DNA are dependent on the source, age, and size of the sample. Despite the wide variety of methods used, there are some similarities among them. In general, they aim to separate DNA present in the nucleus of the cell from other cellular components. Isolation of DNA is needed for genetic analysis, which is used for scientific, medical, or forensic purposes…

leads to the loss of this amino acid. The mutant CFTR leads to the disease as the incorrect protein folding is detected in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads the protein to be degraded and thus never reaches the cell membrane whereas with a normal CFTR protein, the protein actually reaches the cell membrane and is integrated into it. CFTR works as a channel that exports chloride ions across the membrane; this is the function that is affected when the gene is mutated.…

blocks many things from entering the bacteria, making it hard to destroy. Gram negative bacteria are more susceptible to heat, because they do not have a thick peptidogylcan layer like gram positive bacteria does. Gram negative bacteria has a outer membrane of LPS, that is affected by heat easier. The five…

evidence that indicates that membrane proteins drift. A good form of experimental evidence is Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, aka FRAP. In the FRAP process, membrane proteins are labelled with a green fluorescent protein, and part of the plasma membrane is “bleached” with a laser, causing them to lose their fluorescence. The part that was bleached will eventually become fluorescent again, as molecules drift in by diffusion. How might the membrane composition of membrane lipids…