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298 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for the neuron that connects sensory information to motor information?
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interneurons
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What is the name for the neuron that takes afferent information and outputs efferent information?
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interneuron
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What is the unique feature of the brain that allows for other areas to compensate in times of deficiency or injury?
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plasticity
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Congestive heart failure would set off what type of receptors, most likely?
a. interoceptors b. proprioceptors c. exteroceptors |
a. interoceptors (pain of tissues)
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Name a type of interoceptor that does not deliver pain sensations to the brain. (note: asking for anatomic answer)
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1. Carotid bodies
2. Carotid sinuses |
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What type of receptors respond to changes in the position of the body or it's parts?
a. interoceptors b. proprioceptors c. exteroceptors |
b. proprioceptors
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Name some areas that proprioceptors are very prevalent
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1. inner ears (vestibular system)
2. joints (capsules, ligaments, tendons, muscles) |
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What receptor is best at responding to stimuli that arises outside of the body?
a. interoceptors b. proprioceptors c. exteroceptors |
c. exteroceptors
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What two types of general receptors have overlap with types of stimuli they respond to?
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proprioceptors & exteroceptors
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During a jog, the receptor that would most likely tell you where the ground is in relation to your foot is the __________.
a. proprioceptor b. interoceptor c. exteroceptor d. all of the above |
c. exteroceptor (example directly from lecture)
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Which receptor is better at delivering pain information to the brain?
a. exteroceptor b. interoceptor c. proprioceptor d. none of the above deliver pain information |
b. interoceptor
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Sensations involving touch, hearing and vision are mostly governed by what type of receptor?
a. exteroceptors b. proprioceptors c. interoceptors d. all of the above |
a. exteroceptors
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Which organs would photoreceptors most likely cause a response in?
a. retina b. thalamus c. pineal gland d. A & C e. all of the above |
d. A & C
retina & pineal gland |
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What type of receptor below deals mostly with pain?
a. thermoreceptor b. nociceptor c. mechanoreceptor d. chemoreceptor e. photoreceptor |
b. nociceptor
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T/F? The difference between an encapsulated and un-encapsulated receptor is a myelin covering.
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False - myelin is for the axon, not the receptor
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MACA - Which of the following are examples of encapsulated receptors?
a. Merkel's endings b. Pacinian corpuscle c. Renal corpuscle d. Meissner corpuscle e. Free nerve endings |
B & D Pacinian and Meissner corpuscle
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Which receptor is more advanced?*
a. encapsulated b. un-encapsulated |
a. encapsulated
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Which type of receptor deals more specifically with pain sensations?
a. encapsulated b. un-encapsulated |
a. un-encapsulated
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What type of receptor gives more detailed sensations like rough vs smooth?
a. encapsulated b. un-encapsulated |
b. un-encapsulated
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What type of receptor has an accessory structure associated with it?
a. encapsulated b. un-encapsulated |
b. un-encapsulated
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Which type of receptor is easier to stimulate? (meaning takes less of a sensation)
a. encapsulated b. un-encapsulated |
b.un-encapsulated
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Checking pupillary contraction, the doctor increases a dim light to a bright light and observes normal constriction bilaterally. Is this a quality or quantity test?
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Quality - stimulated capsulated receptors to fire and summate in response to increased volume of stimuli (light)
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When a bright light to the eyes is held in place causing discomfort, is this a quality or quantity test?
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Quantity - the fatigued receptors fired too often due to overwhelming volume of sensation
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If I hit my right knee with a hammer hard and normally hit my left knee with a hammer, is this a difference in quality or quantity of sensation?
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Quantity - hitting a knee with a hammer hurts regardless, but the velocity caused a difference in quantity of stimulation
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Patient demonstrates a neurological test adequately once, but upon repeated testing, starts to fail the test. What may be a deficiency?
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Deficiency in Calcium
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Which of the following changes the modality (stimulation)?
A. Quality B. Quantity |
A. Quality changes modality
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T/F: Action potential always leaves and goes away from the cell body?
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F: APs don't always go away.
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The myelinated part of a ______neuron looks like an axon b/c it has myelination and no ribosomes, but it functions as a _____ b/c it sends stimulation towards the cell body.
A. Motor/Dendrite B. Sensory/Cell Body C. Motor/ Cell Body D. Sensory/Dendrite |
D. Sensory neuron/ Dendrite
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T/F: Psuedounipolar cells are all motor
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F: Psuedounipolar cells are all SENSORY!--> they cannot be motor
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In _____ systems, the action potention goes away from the cell body. In the ____ system the action potential can go both towards and away from the cell body?
A. Sensory/Motor B. Motor/Sensory |
B. Motor/Sensory
In the Sensory system, it is an axon structurally and a dendrite functionally |
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What is the first neuron in any sensory system called?
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A primary neuron
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What type of cells do Schwann cells change to slightly before entering the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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How are the CNS and the PNS axons differentiated?
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By myelination
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What are the meninges in the spinal cord?
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Dura Mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia Mater
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T/F: The meninges stop at the coccyx.
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F: The meninges do not stop, they go all the way to the tips of the fingers and toes because they follow the axons.
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The dura mater becomes ______, the arachnoid mater becomes _____, and the pia mater becomes ______ once entering the PNS
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Dura becomes the Epineurion
Arachnoid becomes the Perineurion Pia becomes the Endoneurion |
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T/F: There is a post synaptic neuron in the PNS?
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TRUE
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Where does myelination change?
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In the ventral and dorsal root
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Which part of the meninges covers the rootlets?
A. Dura mater B. Arachnoid mater C. Pia mater D. All of the above |
Only the Pia Mater!
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Tension in the peripheral nerve (cauda equina)--> would this be easier to affect the rootlets or the spinal nerves?
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The rootlets because they only have 1 layer of coverage (Pia mater) and the Spinal nerve has 3 layers (dura, arachnoid, pia)
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Which part of the meninges covers the spinal nerve?
A. Dura mater B. Arachnoid mater C. Pia mater D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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What is the frequency of an action potential dictated by?
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Intensity
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T/F: Action potential never changes its peak?
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TRUE
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What is receptor potential graded by?
A. Duration B. Intensiry |
B. Intensiry
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If you have a big receptor potential, what does that affect?
A. Peak B. Frequency |
B. Frequency
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Receptors within the muscle are called?
A. Muscle spindles B.GTOs |
A. Muscle spindles
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Receptors at the end of muscles is called?
A. Muscle spindles B. GTOs |
B. GTOs
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What is the area where the receptor potential changes to an action potential?
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Target area
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The primary sensory neurons are...?
A. Always excitatory B. Always inhibitory C. Always mixed |
A. Always excitatory
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What neurotransmitter is released by primary sensory neurons?
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Glutamate
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Is the receptive field at the tip of the fingers bigger or smaller the at the wrist?
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Smaller
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What is the receptive field at the tip of the finger?
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2mm
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As you approach midline of the hand (palm) the receptive field gets bigger or smaller?
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Bigger
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How does one tell if a patient has an abnormal receptive field?
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Compare the 2 sides to eachother
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What are 3 reasons why there is a smaller 2 point discrimmination at the tip of the finger?
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1. Small receptive fields at the tip of the finger
2. Bigger hommunculus area of the finger in the brain 3. More receptors at the tip of the fingers to tell the brain whats going on. |
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What separates the alar plate from the basal plate?
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Sulcus limitans
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The median eminence is _____?
A. Motor B. Sensory |
A. Motor, it makes up the basal plate
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T/F: The alar plate is more midline then the basal plate
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F: Alar is more to the side and basal is more midline
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The vestibular area is part of ____?
A. Alar plate B. Basal plate |
A. Alar plate
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What divides the rhomboid fossa into rostral and caudal?
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Striae Medullaris of the 4th ventricle (Rostral=pons, caudal= medulla)
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Where do we find the facial nerve?
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Striae medullaris
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Which ventricle would you find the striae medullaris?
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4th ventricle
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What 2 triangles do you find below the striae medullaris?
a. vagal triangle b. facial triangle c. hypoglossal triangle d. accessory triangle |
a. vagal triangle
c. hypoglossal triangle |
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The ______ triangle is more lateral/caudal and the ______ triangle is more medial/rostral?
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Vagal triangle--> more lateral/caudal (also closer to the obix)
Hypoglossal triangle--> more meidal/caudal (further from the obix) |
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What connects the brainstem to the rest of the cerebellum?
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Peduncles
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Which ponticle connects to the midbrain?
A. Superior ponticle B. Middle ponticle C. Inferior ponticle |
A. Superior ponticle
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Which ponticle connects to the pons?
A. Superior ponticle B. Middle ponticle C. Inferior ponticle |
B. Middle ponticle
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Which ponticle connects to the medulla
A. Superior ponticle B. Middle ponticle C. Inferior ponticle |
C. Inferior ponticle
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Which of the following is the correct flow for sensory transduction?
A. Stimulus energy, receptor, action potential, receptor potential B. Receptor, receptor potential, action potential, stimulus energy C. Stimulus energy, receptor, receptor potential, action potential D. Receptor, Stimulus energy, action potential, receptor potential |
C. Stimulus energy, receptor, receptor potential, action potential
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T/F: In sensory signals, the action potential is carried towards the cell body?
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TRUE
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Where is the first neuron in the spinal cord always found?
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Dorsal Root Ganglia
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Receptor endings are specialized for a specific stimuli.
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TRUE
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Each receptor is specialized to one type of response and can not deal with other responses.
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FALSE: Each receptor is specialized to one type of response but it can deal with other responses as well depending on the strength
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What are reflexes?
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A combination of sensory and motor
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When a doctor wants a reflex and taps a hammer to a pts patellar tendon, what is the name of the reflex?
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Muscle Stretch reflex
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What receptors are involved in a muscle stretch reflex?
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mechano receptors--> proprioceptors specifically
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What are the 3 types of stretch receptors in a muscle?
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A. Nuclear bag
B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
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Which of the 3 stretch receptors responds to a stretching muscle?
A. Nuclear bag B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
A. Nuclear bag--> only responding when the length of the muscle is changing. Specialized for changing of muscle position and stretch.
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Which of the 3 receptors responds to the stretch reflex first?
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Nuclear bag
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Why does the nuclear bag respond to the stretch reflex first?
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Bc it has the lowest threshold for stretch
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T/F: Sensory input affects motor output?
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TRUE
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Which of the 3 receptors responds to any length of muscle regardless of the length?
A. Nuclear bag B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
B. Nuclear chain
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Which of the 3 receptors responds when muscle s being stretched too much?
A. Nuclear bag B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
C. GTO
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T/F: The nuclear bag receptor and the axons activity are the same and do not change very much.
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F: Nuclear chain
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What does the length of the muscle tell the brain?
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The position of the joint
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Which of the 3 muscle receptors always gives signals to the brain, sending information about the muscle?
A. Nuclear bag B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
B. Nuclear Chain
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T/F: When the GTO is active, the nuclear chain is inactive, and when the nuclear chain is active, the nuclear bag is inactive?
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F: GTO, Nuclear Chain, and Nuclear bag are ALL ALWAYS ACTIVE!
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Which of the 3 receptors of muscle has the highest threshold?
A. Nuclear bag B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
C. GTO has the highest threshold of all 3 to stretch and because of this it is very hard to activate it.
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Which of the following responds to the speed in the change in length of muscle and how much change in muscle length?
A. Nuclear bag B. Nuclear chain C. GTO |
Nuclear Bag--> proprioception
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Which of the 3 stretch receptors in muscles deal with proprioception, stretch receptors, and mechano receptors?
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All three (GTO, Nuclear bag, and Nuclear chain)
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Which of the 3 stretch receptors tells the CNS what the load (tension) of contraction of the muscle is?
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GTO
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What are 2 ways to stretch the GTO without stretching the nuclear bag and nuclear chain?
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1. Contract the muscle (b/c nc and nb would get shortened and not respond)
2. When lifting, contract muscles to max and stimulate only the GTO. |
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What is the most activated of the 3 muscle receptors when a muscle is maximally contracted?
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GTO
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When is the GTO not normally responding?
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When the muscle is stretched.
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T/F: GTO, Nuclear chain, and Nuclear bag relay pain because they are nociceptos?
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F: GTO, Nuclear chain, and Nuclear bag are NOT nociceptors, they are mechano receptors so they DO NOT relay pain.
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The muscle stretch reflex is ______?
A. Polysynaptic B. Monosynaptic |
B. Monosynaptic--> the alpha motor neuron only synapses with 1 axon (Ia axon-->nuc. bag)
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What helps with contraction of the muscles and is known as "contracting fibers"?
A. Extrafusal muscle fiber B. Intrafusal muscle fiber |
A. Extrafusal muscle fibers
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What is known as the "muscle spindle" and is made of the nuclear bag and nuclear chain?
A. Extrafusal muscle fiber B. Intrafusal muscle fiber |
B. Intrafusal muscle fibers
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Does stretch of the intrafusal muscle fibers activate the alpha motor neuron?
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YES
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Does the stretch of intrafusal muscle fibers activate the alpha motor neuron directly?
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NO..indirect effect.
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What motor system changes the length of the muscle spindle?
A. Alpha motor neuron B. Gamma motor neruon |
B. Gamma motor neuron
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The function of which motor neuron is to contract the intrafusal muscle fibers (muscle spindle) and shorten the length of the intrafusal muscle fibers to match the extrafusal muscle fibers?
A. Alpha motor neuron B. Gamma motor neruon |
B. Gamma motor neuron
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Which motor neuron goes to the ends of the muscle spindle and contracts the ends?
A. Alpha motor neuron B. Gamma motor neruon |
B. Gamma motor neuron
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What is it called when alpha motor neurons are activated and gamma motor neurons are then activated and the muscle reacts?
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alpha-gamma-coactivation
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When is the only time a monosynaptic communication happens?
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When a muscle stretch reflex occurs
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T/F: Monosynaptic communications do not happen when a stretch reflex occurs.
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F: Monosynaptic communications ONLY HAPPEN when a stretch reflex occurs
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T/F: The cortex can activate alpha motor neurons
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TRUE
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Having the patient contract a muscle stimulates which motor neuron?
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Alpha motor neuron
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Which of the following carries info dealing with changes in muscle length?
A. Ia B. Ib C. II |
A. Ia--> Ia correlates with the nuclear bag which deals with the length changes in a muscle.
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T/F: Stretch activates Ia directly and contraction activates it indirectly.
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TRUE
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Where is the homunculus located?
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Post central gyrus
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What is the older part of the brain (cortex) that represents the internal organs?
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Lateral Sulcus
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The tracts in the gracilis fasiculus carries conscious, unconscious, or both kinds of information?
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Conscious info (DCMLTC)
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What system does the unconscious upper extremity (T6 and above) use?
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Dorsal Column Cuneal Cerebellar Tract (DCCCT)
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The tracts in the cuneatus fasiculus carries conscious, unconscious, or both kinds of information?
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both--> Damage to the cuneatus fasiculus causes loss of both conscious and unconscious use of the upper extremity
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Which has stronger input to the cerebellum, the upper extremity or the lower extremity?
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The lower extremity is has stronger input to the cerebellum then the upper extremity.
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What makes the dorsal funiculus?
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the fasiculus cuneatus and the fasiculus gracilis make up the dorsal funiculus "dorsal column"
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What do the funiculi become?
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tracts
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The cuneal cerebellar tract, dorsal spinal cerebellar tract and ventral spinal cerebellar tract are all....
A. Conscious B. Unconscious |
Unconscious
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What is accurate sensation?
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1. Proprioception
2. Fine Touch 3. Vibration 4. 2 pt Discrimination 5. Some light touch |
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What is non-accurate sensation?
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1. Pain
2. Temp. |
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How many neurons does the dorsal column cuneal cerebellar tract (DCCCT) have and what are they
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2
A. DRG B. Lateral nucleus cuneatus "Accessory nucleus cuneatus" |
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What is the seconday neuron in the dorsal spinal cerebellar tract called?
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1. Clark Nucleus
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How does Clarks nucleus send its information?
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It goes thru the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord and into the cerebellum.
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What is the name of the tract that Clarks nucleus sends its information?
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Dorsal Spinal Cerebellar Tract
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Which has stronger input to the cerebellum, the upper extremity or the lower extremity?
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The lower extremity is has stronger input to the cerebellum then the upper extremity.
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What makes the dorsal funiculus?
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the fasiculus cuneatus and the fasiculus gracilis make up the dorsal funiculus "dorsal column"
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What do the funiculi become?
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tracts
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The cuneal cerebellar tract, dorsal spinal cerebellar tract and ventral spinal cerebellar tract are all....
A. Conscious B. Unconscious |
Unconscious
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What is accurate sensation?
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1. Proprioception
2. Fine Touch 3. Vibration 4. 2 pt Discrimination 5. Some light touch |
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What is non-accurate sensation?
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1. Pain
2. Touch |
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How many neurons does the dorsal column cuneal cerebellar tract (DCCCT), Ventral Spinal cerebellar tract, and the dorsal spinal cerebellar tract have and what are they?
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2 each
In the DCCCT its the 1.DRG primary neuron and 2. LNC In the DSCT its the 1. DRG and 2. Clark's nucleus In the VSCT its the 1. DRG and 2. Clarks brother |
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What is the seconday neuron in the lower extremity of the dorsal spinal cerebellar tract called?
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Clark Nucleus
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How does Clarks nucleus send its information?
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It goes thru the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord and into the cerebellum.
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What is the name of the tract that Clarks nucleus sends its information?
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Dorsal Spinal Cerebellar Tract
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How does "Clarks Brother" (neuron with no name) send its information?
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Thru the ventral part of the spinal cord via the VENTRAL SPINAL CEREBELLAR TRACT
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Where is the first sensory neuron always located?
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in the Dorsal root ganglion
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T/F: The thalamus and cortex are involved in the Dorsal Column Cuneal Cerebellar Tract.
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FALSE: Dont need them in the DCCCT, it is involved in the DCML also called the conscious part.
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Where are the Gracilis and Cuneatus tubercles located?
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in the medulla close to the obix
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What is the function of the dorsal column medial lemniscus thalamal cortical tract system?
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Carry accurate sensation (information)
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Where doe neurons cross in the DCMLTC?
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The secondary neuron axon crosses at the lower medulla
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Where does the lower extremity send information to?
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In the dorsal column medially (Fasiculus Gracilis)
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Where does the upper extremity of the conscious tract system send information to?
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In the dorsal column laterally ( Fasiculus Cuneatus)
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What crosses in the ventral spinal cerebellar tract and where?
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The no name (clarks brother) crosses from dorsal to ventral to get to the basalar
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What carries information from the upper part of the body to the cerebellum in the DCCCT?
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The Cuneal cerebellar tract
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Which of the three muscle fibers has the highest threshold to stretch?
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GTO
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Which peduncle does the cuneal cerebellar tract enter into?
A. Superior B. Middle C. Inferior |
C. Inferior peduncle
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When the agonist is activated, the antagonistic muscle will relax by what?
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Inactivation of the alpha motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
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1a fibers are
A. Always excitatory B. Always inhibitory C. Both |
A. Always excitatory
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What is the name of the secondary motor neuron in the Dorsal spinal cerebellar tract?
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Clark
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What is the name of the secondary motor neuron in the Ventral spinal cerebellar tract?
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No name
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Which of the 3 unconscious tracts has crossing over?
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Ventral spinal cerebellar tract
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What are the 3 unconscious tracts?
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1. Ventral spinal cerebellar tract
2. Dorsal spinal cerebellar tract 3. Dorsal Coloumn Cuneal Cerebellar Tract |
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What peduncle is used for Dorsal spinal cerebellar tract?
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Inferior peduncle
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Clarks nucleus' axons are found in which peduncle?
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Inferior peduncle
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In which part of the spinal cord is Clarks nucleus located?
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Dorsal horn
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Which peduncle is used for the ventral spinal cerebellar tract?
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Superior peduncle
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Which muscle fiber sends information to the CNS when the muscle is being contracted?
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Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
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When a muscle is contracted too much, which neuron is inhibited by GTO?
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Alpha motor neuron
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What are the 4 steps that cause the GTO to inhibit the alpha motor neuron?
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1. Alpha motor neuron is stimulated very much
2. Isometric contraction of muscle 3. Causes pulling of GTO 4. Ib comes in and inhibits the alph motor neuron |
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What type of neuron are Renschaw cells?
A. Excitatory B. Inhibitory C. Both |
B.Inhibitory
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Which cell causes inhibition of its own alpha motor neuron that excited it?
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Renschaw cells
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Where can we find Renschaw cells?
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Ventral horn of SC
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What excites a Renschaw cell?
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The alpha motor neuron
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Which has a higher threshold, Renschaw cells, or alpha motor neuron?
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Renschaw cells
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What is the function of Renschaw cells?
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Prevent tearing
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Which type of fiber carries accurate information?
A. Thick B. Thin |
Thick fibers carry accurate information
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Which is faster the A-delta of C fibers?
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A-delta is faster because they are thicker.
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Which neuron inhibits pre and post neurons b/w the primary and secondary neurons of the ALSTCT?
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Substantia gelatinosa
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What inhibits pain at the spinal cord?
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Substantial gelatinosa
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Which of the following is characterized as: Fast, localized, sharp pain, acute, A-delta?
A. Neo B. Paleo |
A. Neo--> "New"
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Which of the following is characterized as: slow, old, non-localized, dull pain, chronic, C fibers?
A. Neo B. Paleo |
B. Paleo--> "Old"
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Why is paleo slower than neo?
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Bc of thinner myelination
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Why is paleo not as localized as neo?
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Input to the post central gyrus is not as strong or as big as neo
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What is located within the white matter in the thalamus?
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Intra laminar thalamic nuclei
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What 2 systems does chronic pain go to?
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1. Medial Dorsal
2. Intra Laminar thalamic nucleus |
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Which system goes to the prefrontal cortex and is for overall alertness?
A. Medial Dorsal B. Intra laminar thalamic nuclei C. VPL |
B. Intra laminar thalamic nuclei
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The medial dorsal goes to what brain structure?
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Prefontal cortex
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What is the medial dorsal for? (MD of the thalamus)
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emotional response
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Which system goes to the whole cortex (like fireworks) and is for emotional response?
A. Medial Dorsal B. Intra laminar thalamic nuclei C. VPL |
A. Medial dorsal
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The Intra laminar thalamic nuclei goes to which brain structure?
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The whole cortex
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The Intra laminar thalamic nuclei is for what?
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overall alertness
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Which system goes to the post central gyrus and is for somatosensory response?
A. Medial Dorsal B. Intra laminar thalamic nuclei C. VPL |
C. VPL
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The VPL goes to which brain structure?
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Post central gyrus
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What is the VPL for?
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Somatosensory response
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What is another name for Paleo anterlateral spinal thalamocortical tract?
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Paleo anterolateral spinal RETICULO thalamocortical tract
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What sends information down to activate the substantial gelatinosa to inhibit pain?
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Reticular formation
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What uniformly activates and modifies the activity of the cortex?
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Reticular formation
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When we feel pain the our toe, we dont only flex the toe muscles, we flex the ankle, knee and hip as well. How is this information shared?
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Lissauers Tract-->Primary neurons of pain fibers send information up and down the spinal cord
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What NT do all primary neurons release?
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glutamate
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What do all pain primary neurons release? (2 things)
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substance p
glutamate |
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T/F: Substance p and glutamate are only released centrally, never peripherally.
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F: Substance p and glutamate are released centrally and peripherally (from both ends)
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What is the area called when a bath of chemicals is released?
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sensitization
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Refers to the lack of afferent input?
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Deaffrentation
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What is it called when you add more receptors to get a stimulation
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Uploading receptors--> brings membrane potential towards its threshold
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What is it called when a patient feels pain that is more intense then it should be (like poking skin with a needle)?
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Hyperalgesia
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What is it called when a patient feels pain to a stimulation that should not be painful (like touching somes skin)?
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Allodynia
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1) Which of the following receptors are always active?
a. GTO b. Nuclear bag c. Nuclear chain d. All the above |
d. All the above
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2) Which receptor has the smallest threshold?
a. GTO b. Nuclear Bag c. Nuclear Chain d. All have the same threshold |
b. Nuclear Bag
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3) Which receptor responds more during contractions
a. GTO b. Nuclear Bag c. Nuclear Chain d. None of the above |
a. GTO
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4) Muscle stretch reflex is
a. Monosynaptic b. Bisynaptic c. Trisynaptic d. Can be any of the above |
a. Monosynaptic
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5) The alpha-gamma- co-activation occurs in the
a. dorsal horn b. lateral horn c. ventral horn d. None of the above |
c. ventral horn
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In the Dorsal column medial lemiscal tract the 2nd order neuron crosses where?
A. thalamus B. pons C. medulla D. the dorsal horn |
C. LOWER MEDULLA
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In the Dostral colum medial lemeniscal tract the primary neuron becomes the secondary neuron when it
A. ascends up to the thalamus from the posterior horn B. goes to the cortex C. when it synaspes with the clark nucleus D. when it ascends up the spinal cord to synapse w/either the gracilis nucleus or cuneatus nucleus |
D. WHEN IT ACENDS UP THE SPINAL CORD TO SYNAPSE WITH EITHER THE GRACILIS NUCLEUS OR THE CUNEATUS NUCLEUS
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In the dorsal column cuneal cerebellar tract the secondary neuron crosses where?
A. At the medulla B. At the pons C. At the spinal cord D. It does not cross |
D. IT DOES NOT CROSS
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The clark nucleus is part of which tract/system?
A. The dorsal spinal cerebellar tract B. The dorsal column medial lemiscal thalamo cortical tract system C. The paleoanterolateral spinal cortical sytem D. The Neoanterolateral spinal cortical sytem |
A. THE DORSAL spinal CEREBELLAR TRACT
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A delta fibers are (MACA)
A. ACCURATE FIBERS B. NON-ACCURATE FIBERS C. FASTER FIBERS D. PART OF THE NEOANTEROLATERAL SPINAL THALAMOCORTICAL SYSTEM |
B. NON-ACCURATE FIBERS
C. FASTER FIBERS D. PART OF THE NEOANTEROLATERAL SPINAL THALAMOCORTICAL SYSTEM |
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The ventral spinal cerebellar tract enters the cerebellum where?
A. the cortex B. thalamus C. superior peduncle of cerebellum d. inferior peduncle of cerebellum |
C. SUPERIOR PEDUNCLE OF CEREBELLUM
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C fibers deal with _____
A. Vibration B. Static muscle stretch C. Dull, burning D. Isotonic muscle contraction E. Sharp "fast" pain F. Dynamic muscle stretch |
C. Dull, burning - (note: The C fibers carry information about dull and deep pain and warm/hot from somatic structures.)
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A delta fibers deal with __________
A. Vibration B. Static muscle stretch C. Dull, burning D. Isotonic muscle contraction E. Sharp "fast" pain F. Dynamic muscle stretch |
E. Sharp "fast" pain - (note: The A delta fibers carry information about sharp "fast" pain, cold/cool.
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A beta fibers deal with what _____________
A. Vibration B. Static muscle stretch C. Dull, burning D. Isotonic muscle contraction E. Sharp "fast" pain F. Dynamic muscle stretch |
A. Vibration
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The neospinothalamic tract crosses the midline in which of the following structures?
A. Anterior white commissure B. Internal arcuate fibers C. Spinal trigeminal tract D. Dorsal columns E. Medial lemniscus |
A. Anterior white commissure- (note: at the spinal cord it takes 2 to 3 spinal segments to cross)
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The medial lemniscus crosses the midline at which level of the nervous system?
A. Spinal cord B. Lower Medulla C. Pons D. Mesencephalon E. Diencephalon |
B. Lower Medulla
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Which of the following tracts crosses at the spinal cord level of entry?
A. Corticospinal B. Ventral spinothalamic C. Ventral spinocerebellar D. Anterior spinocerebellar E. Dorsal spinocerebellar |
B. Ventral spinothalamic
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The motor tract found in the ventral faniculus control mainly
A. Flexors B. Extensors |
B. Extensors
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The motor tract found in the lateral faniculus control mainly
A. Flexors B. Extensors |
A. Flexors
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Paleo ant.lat.spino.thalamocortical tract has what attributes?(6)
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1. C fibers
2. Slow 3. Old 4. Non-localized 5. Chronic 6. Dull |
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Neo ant.lat.spino.thalamocortical tract has what attributes?(6)
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1. A delta
2. Fast 3. New 4. Localized 5. Sharp 6. Acute |
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Gravity will mainly affect what group of muscles?
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extensor muscles
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All sensory input into the body is excitatory True or False
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TRUE
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In a tight spastic muscle what type of receptor is easiest to activate?
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GTO
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Of the 3 receptors (chain, bag, GTO) which is capable of the fastest adaptation?
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Nuclear bag
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What motor system controls the length of the muscle spindles?
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Gamma Motor
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What is the major structure that controls the Gamma motor neurons?
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Cerebellum
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If there is damage to the peripheral nerve the accurate sensory will be lost first before the non-accurate
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TRUE
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All information that goes to the cortex has to go thru what structure first?
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Thalamus
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Which sensory modality is lost before others in accurate sensory?
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Vibration
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What is the function of receptors?
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they are transducers, they change the stimulus to electrical signals
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1A-carries information from
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Nuclear BAG-large diameter w/ large myelination (travels faster and will get information to CNS 1st!!!!. DICTATE results of CNS)
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II-carries information from
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Nuclear CHAIN-small diameter w/ small myelination
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When muscle is contracted the GTO will stretch and send info to CNS using
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1B
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Pain from one area come in and speads to upper and lower spinal segments to assist in flexion towards the ipsilateral side and extension to the contralateral side?
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Cross Reflex
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What are neurons in the dorsal horn referred to as?
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Wide-dynamic range neurons
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Where do we find wide-dynamic range neurons?
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In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
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what neurons have a high threshold, are stimulated by the chemical bath (specifically substance p and glutamate).
Accurate sensation can stimulate them if they reach threshold. Once activated they stimulate pain fibers? |
Wide-dynamic range neurons
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What nerve has C fibers and sympathetic fibers?
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Recurrent meningeal nerve
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T/F: Facet disorders cause referred pain to the back muscles.
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TRUE
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T/F: Disc injuries cause referred pain to the back muscles
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FALSE: Disc injuries cause referred pain to the limbs and the front, facet disorders cause referred pain to the mack muscles.
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T/F: The anterior ramus deals with disc injuries and the posterior ramus deals with facet disorders?
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TRUE
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What nervous system does the lateral horn deal with?
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ANS
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What chemical released, when info is sent to the sympathetic chain, during peripheral sensitization, can cause more sensitization of the periphery, and pain?
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histimine
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What musclse are for proprioception (of where the head is on the neck)?
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Suboccipital muscles
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T/F: Suboccipital muscles are involved with holding the head on the neck
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FALSE: proprioception of where the head is on the neck.
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What tells the brain where the skull is in space?
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GTO, nuclear chain, and nuclear bag in the SO muscles where the skull is on top of the neck
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What carries the information of where the skull is in space?
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Posterior Ramus (b/c the SOT is considered a back muscle)
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T/F: If you have disfunctioning of joints, it causes peripheral sensitization?
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False: Central sensitization
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What part of the SC sends info to the musclse holding the head and neck in place, making the muscles tight?
A. Dorsal horn B. Ventral horn C. Lateral horn |
B. ventral horn
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What is the nucleus lateral to the cuneatus tubercle?
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Tuberculum cinerium ("Trigeminal tubercle")
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Where is the cuneatus tubercle located?
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in the midbrain, pons, and medulla
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What structure is between the cuneatus tubercle and the olive?
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Trigeminal tubercle
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What CN nucleus does the tuberculum cinerium have?
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CN V (the tuberculum cinerium is also known as "trigeminal tubercle")
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T/F: Subluxation causes a lack of motion, which leads to deafferentation
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TRUE
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What makes cells of the dorsal horn sensitive because of lack of activity in the cells?
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Deafferentation
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MATCHING:
1. Dorsal funiculus 2. Ventral funiculus 3. Lateral funiculus A. Only sensory B. Only motor C. Both |
Dorsal funiculus--> only sensory
Ventral funiculus-->only motor Lateral funiculus--> both |
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What tracts cross midline at the spinal cord? (3)
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1. Anterior lateral spinal thalamocorical tract
2. Ventral cortical spinal tract 3. Ventral spinal cerebellar tract |
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If a tract in the SC wants to cross over, where does it cross?
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The anterior white commisure
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Which tract deals with extremities?
A. Dorsal B. Ventral C. Lateral |
C. lateral tract deals with extremities
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Which tract deals with the midline?
A. Dorsal B. Ventral C. Lateral |
B. Ventral tract deals with midline
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Which tract deals with only one side of the body?
A. Dorsal B. Ventral C. Lateral |
C. Lateral tract (goes ipsilateral side of the SC)
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Which tract goes to the ipsilateral side of the SC?
A. Dorsal B. Ventral C. Lateral |
C. Lateral tract
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T/F: Ventral tract can only go contralateral?
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FALSE! (85/15)--> Ventral tract, as it crosses some goes contralateral, some go ipsilateral.
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Which is independently controlled by the cortex?
A. Extremity B. Midline |
A. Extremity--> b/c when it goes to the lateral cortical spinal tract in only controls one side.
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Motor tracts in the lateral funiculus control_______
Motor tracts in the ventral funiculus control _______ A. Flexors/extensors B. Extensors/flexors |
Lateral funiculus--> Flexors
Ventral funiculus--> Extensors |
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Which controls flexors more?
A. Lateral cortical spinal tract B. Ventral cortical spinal tract |
A. LCST
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What structure controls the extremities more?
A. Cortex B. Cerebellum |
A. Cortex--> 85% of input goes to one side. (for midline only 7.5% goes to each extremity)
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What mainly controls the midline?
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Cerebellum
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Ends before the spinal cord.
Goes from the cortex to the brain stem lower motor neurons. |
Cortical bulbar tracts
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What 3 structures are under control by the cortex and cerebellum?
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1. Red nucleus
2. Reticular formation 3. Vestibular nuclei |
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What 2 structures control the red nucleus, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei?
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Cortex and cerebellum
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Which of the three is a very powerful flexor of the upper extremity?
A. Red nucleus B. Reticular formation C. Vestibular nuclei |
A. Red nucleus
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Which of the 3 is a very powerful extensor of the lower extremities?
A. Red nucleus B. Reticular formation C. Vestibular nuclei |
B and C
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Where do we find the Rubor spinal tract?
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in the lateral funiculus bc it does flexion
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What tract crosses the midline from the red nucleus to the spinal cord?
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Ruboro spinal tract
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Which of the 3 are part of the ventral funiculus (extensors)?
A. Reticulospinal tract B. Vestibulospinal tract C. Ruborospinal tract |
A and B
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Which of the 3 is part of the lateral funiculus (flexors)?
A. Reticulospinal tract B. Vestibulospinal tract C. Ruborospinal tract |
C. Ruborospinal tract
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What tract(s) listen to the cerebellum?
A. Reticulospinal tract B. Vestibulospinal tract C. Ruborospinal tract |
A and B
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How does the body balance itself?
A. Flexors B. Extensors |
B. extensors
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What is the oldest structure of the CNS?
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Reticular formation
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Flexors are controlled by _____ and extensors are controlled by ________
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Flexors--> cortex (lateral funiculus)
Extensors--> Cerebellum |
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What is a problem that starts in the peripherals and goes central causing central sensitization of the trigeminal nucleus?
|
Cervicogenic headache (not a real headache, but rather referred pain)
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Trigeminal nerve is _______
(Motor/sensory)? |
Sensory--> its in the dorsal horn
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If we have a lesion that is on the sensory tract before crossing, which side is affected? (contra/ipsiateral side)
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Affected side is ipsilateral
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If we have a lesion that is on the motor tract before crossing, which side is affected? (contra/ipsi)
|
Affected side is the contralateral side.
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What is a lesion of the central canal or ventricle called?
|
Syringomyelia
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What structure does syringomyelia cause enlargement of due to a growing cyst?
|
Central canal
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What are the symptoms and signs associated with syringomyelia?
|
Pain, temperature, sensitization to light touch.
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Why does a C4/5 syringomyelia have referred pain in C6/7?
|
bc it takes 2-3 segments to cross
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What 2 tracts carry light touch?
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1. Dorsal column medial lemniscus thalamal cortical tract
2. Anterolateral Spinal thalamo cortical tract |
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What does the VSCT effect?
|
lower extremities
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T/F: central disc protrusions happen bc of syringomyelia
|
TRUE
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In a central disc protrusion, what happens with the spinal cord?
|
The upper motor neuron lesion first before it affects the ventral horn
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Where are motor tracts found?
|
In the white matter of the SC
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What is the order of motor tracts from outside to the inside?
|
Sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical
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Lesion of the ventral cortical spinal tract.
Signs: hypertonicity, spasicity, hyperreflexia Clonus. positive Brudzinski's sign |
Upper motor neuron lesion
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Located in the ventral horn.
Flacicity, hyporeflexia, hypotonicity. |
Lower motor neuron lesion.
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The anterolateral spinothalamo cortical tract goes to which part of the thalamus?
|
VPL
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The trigeminal thalamocortical tract goes to which part of the thalamus?
|
VPM
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What are 2 reasons for pain?
|
1. pain due to lesion--> releasing info to central and peripheral regions
2. Pain due to lack of input. |
