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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disease epidemiology comes in two forms:
_____ disease epidemiology _____ disease epidemiology |
infectious
non-infectious |
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Non-infectious disease epidemiology looks at 3 areas:
1. 2. 3. |
1. Chronic disease
2. Maternal/Child health 3. Injury |
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What is an arboviral disease?
- 2 examples of vectors |
arthropod-borne disease
-ticks, flease |
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10 zoonotic diseases
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a. Anthrax
b. Dengue c. Plague d. Giardiasis e. Lyme f. Mosquito-borne encephalitis g. Rabies h. Toxoplasmosis i. Rocky Mount. Spotted Fever j. West Nile |
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Why does arbovirus thrive in Florida?
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- Warm climate
- Rainfall |
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What is SLE?
-Explain the transmission cycle. |
SLE = St. Louis Encephalitis
- Mosquito vectors transmit --> birds --> back to mosquito - Sometimes, mosquito --> human --> DEAD END |
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2 major SLE outbreaks (years)
1 minor SLE outbreak (years) |
major: 1958-'61 and 1989-'91
minor: 1976-'81 |
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SLE symptoms, incubation, prognosis
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symptoms: fever, headache, stupor, coma, tremors, convulsions
incubation: 5-15 days prognosis: up to 30% fatal |
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Most SLE cases occur during what time of year?
Which month has the most? |
- Fall season has most incidence
- October has highest |
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What is EEE?
What are its symptoms? |
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
CNS illness, fever, coma, paralysis, death |
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The MAX # of human EEE cases each year, between 1989-2011, is __ cases per year
The MIN # is __ cases/year |
5 max cases/yr
0 cases/yr |
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Which 2 age groups are more susceptible to EEE ??
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under 15
over 50 |
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The total # of EEE cases among all humans and animals was (higher/lower) in 2010, compared to 2012
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higher in 2010
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Most animal EEE cases occur in what time of year?
Which month has the most? |
Summer
July |
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What is WN?
-Explain the transmission cycle. |
WN = West Nile virus
- Mosquito --> birds --> back to mosquito - "Incidental infections" .. mosquito --> human OR mosquito --> animal (similar to SLE) |
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Malaria symptoms
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fever
headache chills vomiting anemia |
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4 species of Malaria..
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Plasmodium:
- falciparum - vivax - malariae - ovale |
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Demographics of Floridians w/ Malaria
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60% = Haiti, DR, Jamaica
26% = Africans 9% = Asians 3% = S. America 2% = C. America |
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2003 Malaria outbreak
- species - # cases - dates - sex - age |
P. vivax
8 cases 7/12 - 9/12 all males 37 yrs. (median age) |
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What is Aedes aegypti ??
What type of disease is it associated with? |
mosquito responsible for spreading Dengue Fever in Key West
Dengue Fever is a viral disease, arboviral |
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What obstackes do health officials face with wrt Dengue Fever?
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No vaccine
Difficult to control mosquito-borne diseases Free movement of people to/from endemic areas |
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What symptoms does Dengue have in common with Flu?
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Fever
Headache Body aches Nausea or vomiting Fatigue |
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What symptoms differ from Flu?
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Pain behind the eyes
Joint pains Rash |
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What are the advantages of fighting Dengue from PH standpoint?
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No animal reservoir (like birds for SLE/WNV)
We have decent housing with AC and screens We have established mosquito control |
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Which time(s) of year are we most at risk of contracting Dengue?
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summer and fall
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The first case of human rabies in FL was in ...
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1881
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How is rabies transmitted?
Which animals most commonly carry the virus? |
Saliva; from bite, scratch, mucous membrane of infected animal
Infected animals include: Cats + Dogs Bats Raccoon Fox Coyote Skunk |
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What are early stage symptoms characteristic of rabies?
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Apprehension, malaise, sensory changes
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What are progressive symptoms characteristic of rabies?
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Hydrophobia, delirium, paralysis, death
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What is the duration of rabies symptoms?
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2-6 days w/o treatment
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Which animals show the most/least amount of rabies infections in FL? (20-year avg)
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Raccoon: 121
Horse, Skunk: 1 |
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Why might the distribution of rabies among animals in FL be inaccurate/underestimated?
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because animals are only tested when they expose a person/pet
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What is the procedure for handling a possible rabies exposure?
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1. Determine if there was a bite, or open wound contact with saliva (if so, WOUND CARE)
2. Determine if the animal involved is known carrier 3. If known carrier, try to capture the animal for observation (dog, cat, ferret only) or brain autopsy (all other animals) 4. After 10-day observation or brain autopsy, decide if victim needs TX 5. TX involves HRIG + 5 vaccines |
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What is HRIG?
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HRIG = human rabies immunoglobulin (Ig)
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What surface spikes are on Influenza viral envelope?
How many types of each are there? Describe the genetic material. |
HA: Hemagglutinin - 16 types
NA: Neuraminidase - 9 types 8 segmented ssRNA |
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What is the main animal source of Flu virus?
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Birds
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How is Flu virus spread between animal carriers?
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feces, nasal/ocular fluids
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What is a dead-end infection?
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when a disease is passed from one species to another, and the newly infected species is unable to transmit to anyone else
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Explain infection cycle of H5N1 Flu virus.
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water fowl > chickens > water fowl
chickens > humans > DEAD END water fowl/chickens > swine > X |
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What symptoms can be seen among the various Flu strains?
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- Sudden onset: fever, sore throat, cough, muscle aches
- Eye infections - Pneumonia - Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) |
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What is the only Flu antiviral still recommended by WHO?
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Tamiflu
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How long will it take to make a vaccine against new Flu strain once it has surfaced?
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4-6 months
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What is the biggest concern for PH officials wrt Influenza?
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rapid mutation, no herd immunity
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Explain Spanish Flu epidemic.
- Strain - Deaths (Nat'l, Worldwide) |
Influenza A, H1N1
500,000 US; 20-50 million worldwide |
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4 notable outbreaks
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1918 Spanish Flu (H1N1)
1957 Asian Flu (H2N2) 1968 Hong Kong Flu (H3N2) 2009 "Swine Flu" (H1N1) |
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What is STEC?
Where is it found? |
- Shiga-toxigenic E. coli
- cattle intestine, water/soil/sediment where cattle defecate |
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What is HUS, and what is it caused by?
It is most common in... |
HUS = Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome = RBC death, kidney failure
Caused by: E.coli 0157:H7 Most common in children |
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Common symptoms of E.coli 0157:H7 are...
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Diarrhea
Vomiting Abdominal Cramp Fever |
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What risk factors were found for contracting 0157:H7 in a case-control study?
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feed a cow
feed/touch goat step in manure dry hands on clothing eat or drink at/after zoo |
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What 2 things are focused on for 0157:H7 prevention?
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1. hand-washing stations
2. education for fairs/petting zoos |
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Which animals commonly carry salmonella
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- turtles (reptiles)
- chickens not common: hedgehogs |
