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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the family for influenza?
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Orthomyxoviridae
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What animals get influenzavirus A?
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Humans
Horses Pigs Birds Marine mammals |
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What animals get influenzavirus B?
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Humans
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What animals get influenzavirus C?
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Pigs
Humans |
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What surface antigens are influenza viruses classified by?
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Hemagluttinin (15 for A)
Neuraminidase (9 for A) |
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What is the distribution of HA's in birds, humans, pigs, and horses?
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Birds - all 15
Humans - 1,2,3, & 5 Pigs - 1 & 3 Horses - 3 & 7 |
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What is the distribution of NA's in birds, humans, pigs, and horses?
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Birds - all 9
Humans - 1 & 2 Pigs - 1 & 2 Horses - 7 & 8 |
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Has H5N1 ever infected a humans being?
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No
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What was the origin of the canine flu of 2005?
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Equine Influenza Virus H3N8
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How is influenza A transmitted (include the reservoir)?
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Wild aquatic birds are the reservoir and it is shed in their feces
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Define antigenic drift.
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Minor changes in the structure of HA and NA of a virus from year to year, but the subtype remains the same
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Define antigenic shift
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Major changes in the structure of HA and NA of a virus changing the subtype and causing a pandemic
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Define reassortment
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When 2 viruses of different species infect the same cell causing their genes to mix forming a new virus
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What are the clinical signs of Influenzavirus A in birds?
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Drop in egg production
Neurologic Depressed, anorexic, ruffled feathers Swollen comb, cyanotic Conjunctivitis, resp signs |
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What are the symptoms of avian influenza (A) in humans?
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Flu like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches)
Also possibly: Eye infections Pneumonia Acute respiratory distress |
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What are the 3 attributes a pandemic must have?
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A novel virus - all or most people are susceptible
Transmissible person to person Wide geographic spread |
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(T/F) Risk of avian influenza is very high
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False - risk is low, high occupational exposure may increase risk
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What are the 3 CDC recommendations to people traveling to Asia to avoid contracting avian influenza?
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Avoid poultry farms, contact with animals in live food markets, and any surfaces that appear to be contaminated w/ feces from poultry or other animals?
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What tests are used to diagnose avian influenza?
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Virus isolation best
Confirmation of presence of virus by: AGID, ELISA, RT-PCR |
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What is the treatment for avian influenza?
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Vaccination is best
Zanamivir and Oseltamivir are antiviral agents that will work against H5N1 - they inhibit neuraminidase H5N1 strains are resistant to Amantadine and rimantadine |
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What are the pros and cons of a traditional killed vaccine vs inactivated vaccines?
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Killed - effective, only protects against other avian flu viruses w/ same H type
Inactivated - expensive, no cross protection btwn H types, possible creation of a reassortment virus - used in emergencies |
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Describe the research being done at Purdue for avian influenza.
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Basically a recombinant adenovirus would carry the gene of interest (H5N1) into the target cell which would produce a therapeutic protein. The adenovirus could be human or bovine or porcine.
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How do humans contract anthrax?
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Skin contact w/, ingestion of, or inhalation of spores
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What is the most common form of anthrax and what are its symptoms?
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Cutaneous anthrax - >90% cases
Black eschar forms several days after exposure (touching contaminated skin/wool and enters through cuts/abrasions) Local edema, regional lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, <1% mortality if given antibiotics |
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Describe the pathogenesis of the GI form of anthrax.
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Consumption of spore-contaminated meat leads to germination in gut lymphoid tissue leads to generalized sepsis syndrome
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Describe the pathogenesis of the inhalational form of anthrax
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airborne spores <5 micrometers in diameter are inhaled infecting local and regional ln's causing toxemia and widespread organ system dz
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What species of Brucella can infect humans?
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B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis
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What are the symptoms of brucellosis in humans?
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lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, fever (undulant), profuse sweating, testicular swelling, wt loss, lethargy, flu-like symptoms (muscle pain, malaise, headache)
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How is brucellosis transmitted to humans?
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Consumption of unpasteurized milk products from infected cows, sheep and goats ("village cheeses" in other parts of world)
Through inf'd tissue, blood, urine, vaginal discharge, aborted fetuses, especially placentas Self-injection w/ vaccine No person-to-person |
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What is the treatment for brucellosis
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doxycycline or quinolones plus rifampicin
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What is the agent for zoonotic tuberculosis?
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Mycobacterium bovis (other agents are M. tuberculosis (most common) and M. africanum (only in Africa))
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How are humans infected w/ M. bovis?
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Historically - ingestion of unpasteurized milk/dairy products - uncommon now in developed countries
Now - aerosol infection or contact w/ cutaneous TB by animal handlers |
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What people are most cases of bovine TB seen in?
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Elderly people (reactivated infections)
Oversease travelers and immigrants |
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What is the rule in regards to TB for importing cattle into Indiana?
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All intact female dairy animals over 6 mo must test negative for TB w/in 60 days of entering the state
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What states have lost their TB free status?
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AZ, TX, NM, CA, MI (split), NE, MN
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Name the infectious agent for Q-fever
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Coxiella burnetii (obligate intracellular bacterium)
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How is Q-fever transmitted
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inhalation of dust/aerosols w/ spores in it (only 1 spore necessary to start infection)
Consumption of raw milk |
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Where/How is Q-fever shed?
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In milk, amnionic fluid, and on the placenta of sheep and cattle (goats)
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Who is at the most risk of acquiring Q-fever?
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Immunocompromised people, laboratory staff in research facilities containing sheep
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What are the symptoms in people w/ Q-fever?
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1/2 are asymptomatic
Fever, malaise, headache, occasionally pneumonitis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis |
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Name the 4 major serotypes of L. interrogans (Note: most common zoonosis worldwide)
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L. hardjo (cow, horse), L. icterohemorrhagiae (rat, dog), L. canicola (dog), L. pomona (pig, cow)
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What are the symptoms of leptospirosis in humans (and which strain is most common)
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L. hardjo
Asymptomatic High fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting May include: Jaundice, conjunctivitis, abd pain, diarrhea, rash Untreated goes on to: kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, resp distress but death is rare |
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How is Leptospirosis transmitted to humans?
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Usually ingestion of urine-contaminated water
Also bathing or swimming in contaminated water, contact by vets or dairy workers w/ cow urine and birth fluids of inf'd |
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What is the source of rabies in cattle (where it is more common than dogs), sheep, and pigs
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Foxes, skunks, raccoons, coyotes, vampire bats (in S. America)
Sheep - multiple animals may present at same time since multiple animals could have been attacked at once |
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What are the signs of rabies in cattle, sheep, and pigs
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Cattle: (70% get furious form) salivation, behavioral change, tremors, bellowing, aggression, hyperesthesia, hyperexcitability, pharyngeal paralysis
Sheep: aggression, sexual excitement, wool pulling, paralysis Pigs: very variable - aggression or dullness and incoordination, salivation, chewing movements, convulsions |
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Which kinds of canine zoonoses are the most common?
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Parasitic and Bacterial
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What does Leptospirosis cause (most) in dogs?
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ARF (most common cause of ARF in dogs)
often w/ liver failure too |
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Which serovar is most often found in humans?
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L. grippotyphosa
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What are the ways to dx Lepto?
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Culture (3-6 mo)
Renal/hepatic biopsy (risky) Dark-field micro, culture, FA, PCR of urine Serum Ab titers (MAT) |
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How do you treat Lepto in a dog?
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7-14 d of ampicillin/amoxicillin then the rest of the month w/ doxy
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Which state has the most Lepto cases reported in humans?
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Hawaii
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What are the symptoms of Lepto (as per Dr. Moore)
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Fever, chills, myalgia
Meningitis, hepatitis, renal dz, hemolytic anemia, rash Icteric form severe and rare |
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What is the reservoir in endemic areas for Leishmania?
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Dogs (foxhounds in kennels in US)
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How is Leishmaniasis transmitted?
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Sandflies
Possibly dog-to-dog venereally |
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What are the clinical signs of Leishmaniasis in dogs
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Asymptomatic
Chronic wasting, wt loss Alopecia, skin ulcerations, scaling Conjunctivitis, ant uveitis, retinitis Lymphadenopathy Pr-losing nephropathy |
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How is Leishmaniasis dx'd?
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Cytology ID of amastigotes
Ab test PCR of DNA |
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How is Leishmaniasis tx'd?
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Nothing curative
Allopurinol and alimony |
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Why is Leishmania not very risky in the US?
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The US lacks a fully competent vector
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What are the reservoirs for Lyme dz (Borrelia burgdorferi)
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Deer, mice
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How is Lyme's dz zoonotic?
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Dogs bring the vector closer to people (ticks)
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Define Public Health
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the combination of sciences, skills and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all people
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Define Health
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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of dz or infirmity
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Define zoonosis
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A dz that can be transmitted from non-human vertebrates to people (NOT via arthropod, NOT dz's common to humans and animals)
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Define Emerging zoonosis
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Dz caused by a totally new or previously known agent but now occurring in spp where dz was previously unknown
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Define Isozoonosis
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a dz showing similar clinical signs and pathology in human and animal hosts (like TB)
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Define Host
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An organism that harbors a virus, parasite, mutual partner, or commensal partner, typically providing nourishment and shelter
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Define primary host
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definitive host - where parasite grows mature
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Define secondary host
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Intermediate host - harbors parasite for a short transition period
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Define remote zoonosis
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Strictly human dz resulting from an ancient cross-species transmission event (AIDS)
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Define Reservoir
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Animate or inanimate objects on which a dz agent usu lives and which is often the source of infection by the agent
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Define vector
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An organism that does not cause dz itself, but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another (WNV)
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Define Vehicle
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An object or substance serving as an intermediate btwn an infected and a receptive host (water)
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Define Anthropozoonosis
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Dz maintained in animal populations and transmitted to humans (Lyme, Hanta, Rabies)
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Define Zooanthroponosis
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Dz maintained in humans and transmitted to animals (Ameobiasis to dogs, TB)
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Define Amphixenosis
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Dz maintained in both human and animal population (Staph, Pseudomonas)
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Define Metazoonosis
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Cycle requiring both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts (arboviruses)
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Define Saprozoonosis
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Cycle requires inanimate reservoirs or development sites as well as vertebrate spp (listeriosis)
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Define Orthozoonosis
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Maintenance can be achieved w/ only one spp (rabies)
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Define Cyclozoonosis
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Maintenance requires more than one vertebrate spp, but no invertebrate vector (Taeniasis, Baylisascaris)
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What are the 2 objectives of the SPS Agreement (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)
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To recognize the soveriegn right of countries to provide a level of health protection they deem appropriate
To ensure SPS measures are not unnecessary, or scientifically unjustifiable (to restrict trade) |
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What two aspects of SPS provide scientific basis?
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Regionalization and Risk Analysis
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What do other countries consider when deciding whether to approve regionalization of a country with dz?
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Veterinary infrastructure, Dz has been studied (prevalence in dz'd area and others), active dz control program, vaccination status, degree of separation from dz'd area, animal mvmt is controlled, livestock demographics, type and extent of dz surveillance, diagnostic lab capabilities, emergency response capabilities
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What are the 3 components of the risk analysis
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Risk assessment
Risk management Risk communication |
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What is harmonization and who is responsible for it?
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The establishment, recognition, and application of common SPS measures by diff't countries
WHO |
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What 3 international organizations are responsible for harmonization (and setting those standards)
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Codex Alimentarius (food safety, human health)
International Office of Epizootics (OIE) - animal health and zoonoses International Plant Protection Convention - plant health |
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What is transparency?
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Achievement of clarity, predictability, and information regarding trade policies, rules, and procedures of the WHO
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What are 3 different fields of activity involved in transparency?
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Publishing regulations
Notifications Information |
