Zoonoses

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Define health in various contexts

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State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.

Animal health: freedom from hunger, thirst, discomfort, pain, injury, to express normal behaviors, from fear and distress.

Public Health: science and art of promoting health, preventing disease, and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society.

Vet PH: sum of all contributions to the physical, mental, and social well-being of humans through the understanding and application of vet science.

Ecosystem health: health of all living members of ecosystem, dynamic stability.

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Define Zoonosis

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Infectious disease naturally transmitted between animals and humans; includes diseases acquired by humans from animals and by animals from humans.

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Orthozoonosis

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Infectious disease transmitted from an infected animal to humans by direct contact, by exposure to contaminated fomites, or by a mechanical vector.

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Cyclozoonosis

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Disease caused by an agent that requires more than one vertebrate host species to complete its developmental cycle.

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Metazoonosis

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Disease caused by an agent that requires replication and/or development within an invertebrate that functions as biological vector.

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Saprozoonosis

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disease caused by an agent that has both a vertebrate host and a non-animal developmental site (infectious disease 'common to' humans and animals)

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Non-zoonosis

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Communicable disease common to humans and animals.
-No known mammalian/avian/aquatic animal reservoir that leads to transmission of agent from animal to human or human to animal

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Classification of zoonoses

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-Agent type: bacterial, viral, parasite
-Mode of transmission: direct/indirect, contact, respiratory, enteric, vector, fomite; intentional
-Impact: in humans, animals, at interface
-Controllability: yes, no
-Spread: endemic, epidemic, sporadic
-Source: companion animal, exotic
-Potential to encounter: location (urban rural), time (day, season), natural vs human contribution

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Anthrax (3 types)

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->Etiologic agent: Gram positive aerobic spore-forming bacillus. Bacillus anthracis
->Means of persistence: in soil
->Transmission:animals ingest spores from contaminated soil, humans by contact with animals, products, or bioterrorism.
->Reservoir: livestock, soil
->Species affected: Primary infects herbivores, threat to livestock in Asia and Africa.
->Risk factors: contact with animals, aerosol (weapon), orally
Incubation in humans: 1 to 7 days
->Cutaneous: ring lesion
->GI:
-abdominal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia
-oropharyngeal:sore throat, dysphagia, fever, hoarseness, and swelling of the neck
->Inhalation: fever, chills, tiredness, and malaise; a nonproductive cough and mild chest pain may be present. After prodromal: severe respiratory distress, tachycardia, diaphoresis, stridor, and cyanosis, followed by fatal septicemia and shock

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Brucellosis (RB15)

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->Etiologic Agent:Brucella abortus in cattle, B. melitensis or B. ovis in small ruminants, B. suis in pigs and B. canis in dogs.
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: Entry through ingestion or by mucuous cavities. Between animals by contact with placenta, fetus, fetal fluids, and vaginal discharges. Found in semen, venereal transmission primary.
In humans, incubation 5 days to 3 months.
->Reservoir: feral pigs, bison, elk and European hares
->Species affected:
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: in humans, acute fever at first. Flu-like, fever, headache, malaise, back pain, myalgia and generalized aches. Drenching sweats can occur, particularly at night. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, coughing and pleuritic chest pain are sometimes seen. Gastrointestinal signs including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation occur frequently in adults but less often in children.
In animals, abortion, stillbirths
->Control: vaccine, culling, western countries but have issues with developing countries. Africa, near East, Central America, Russia, Mongolia.
->Impact:costs, compensation for culling

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Glanders (Equids)

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->Etiologic Agent:Burkholderia mallei, Gram negative rod
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: has been weaponized in aerosol. Endemic in Middle East, Asia, Africa, and S. America. Contact with skin exudates and respiratory secretions from infected equids. Equids through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Also through fomites. Humans through sick animal contact, fomites, tissues or bacterial cultures.
->Reservoir:
->Species affected: primarily affects horses, mules and donkeys. Humans seldom.
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: humans, incubation from days to weeks. Four forms of the disease - septicemia, pulmonary infection, acute localized infection and chronic infection – have been described in humans.
in equids, nasal, pulmonary and cutaneous forms.
->Treatment: antibiotics, resistant to some antibiotics.

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Yersiniosis

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Etiologic Agent: Y. enterocolitica, Y. psedotuberculosis
Means of persistence:
Transmission: all European countries, Scandinavia, Canada, US, Australia, and Japan. Contaminated animal products such as pork, and milk. Rarely from person to person.
Reservoir:
Species affected:
Risk factors:
Manifestation: fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain that may mimic appendicitis.
Treatment: Careful cooking of meat,

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Q-fever

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Etiologic Agent: Coxiella burnetti, obligate intracellular pathogen and has been traditionally placed in the family Rickettsiaceae. Spore-like structures.
Means of persistence:
Transmission: worldwide except New Zealand. Aerosol or direct contact, ingestion. Mammary glands, uterus, placenta, and fetus in animals, , feces, urine, and semen of bulls. Ticks.
In humans, contact with cattle, sheep, and goats.
Airborne particles can travel up to 11 miles.
Reservoir: Ruminants, mice, dogs, cats, rabbits, and wild animals.
Species affected:
Risk factors:
Manifestation: in humans, 2 to 48 day incubation, Q fever can occur from months to years after infection. The symptoms of acute disease are flu-like and can include high fever, chills, a headache, fatigue, malaise, myalgia, sore throat and chest pain. The headache may be very severe. Some have atypical pneumonia, hepatitis in acute Q fever.
In Animals,abortion, stillbirth, retained placenta, endometritis, infertility and small or weak offspring can be seen in sheep, goats and cattle.
Treatment: antibiotics

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Tularaemia (200)

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Etiologic Agent:Francisella tularensis, Gram negative coccobacillus in the family Francisellaceae
Means of persistence:
Transmission: only on Northern Hemisphere. By ingestion, inhalation, arthropod–borne transfer, or direct contact with mucous membranes and broken skin
Reservoir: mammals, fomites,
Species affected: 200 species of animals mammals
Risk factors:
Manifestation: In humans, incubation period in humans can be 3 to 15 days, clinical signs appear after 3 to 5 days. Six types: ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, respiratory and typhoidal

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Plague (3 types)

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Etiologic Agent: Yersinia pestis. Gram negative bacillus
Means of persistence: rodents and lagomorphs
Transmission: found in Africa, middle East, Asia, N and S America. Flea bites the host repeatedly and regurgitates the pathogen as it bites it. May be other arthropods, fomites,
Reservoir: rat fleas
Species affected:
Risk factors:
Manifestation: pneumonic plague 1 to 4 days, bubonic plague 2 to 6 days.
Bubonic plague, fever, chills, headache, malaise and myalgia. dizziness, nausea and vomiting. progresses to septicimia.
Septicemic plague, primary septicemia. In addition to high fever and other signs in common with bubonic plague.
Pneumonic plague,acutely and include high fever, chills, headache, myalgia, malaise and an increased respiratory rate. Within 24 hours, a cough develops; it is initially dry but becomes productive, then bloodstained and/or purulent. Ends in respiratory failure.
Treatment: antibiotics

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Chlamydiosis, psittacosis (avian and mammal) angry birds

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->Etiologic Agent: Chlamydophila abortus, C. felis, C pneumoniae, C psittaci for avian. considered Gram negative
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: most sheep -raising countries, inhalation of aerosol from birds or ovine gestation and abortion products
->Reservoir: psittacine, and other birds ducks, turkeys, pigeones, sheep
->Species affected: 30 orders of birds
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: conjunctivitis (felis), endocarditis, abortion and chlamydiosis, pelvic inflammatory disease.
->Treatment: vaccination limited effects

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Leptospirosis two phases

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>Etiologic Agent: various species of leptospira
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: around the world. ingested in contaminated food or water, spread in aerosolized urine or water, or transmitted by direct contact with the skin.
->Reservoir: wild animals, rodents, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep and dogs)
->Species affected: all mammals
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: incubation is 7 to 12 days. Asymptomatic to very severe.
First phase (acute or septicemic) fever, chills, headache and conjunctival suffussion, myalgia.
Second phase (immune) 30 days or more, organism shed through urine, less severe.
->Treatment: antibiotics: doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin and erythromycin

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Streptococcosis

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>Etiologic Agent: Streptococci are Gram positive cocci in the family Streptococcaceae
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: 24 hours to 3 days incubation. Streptococcus spp. are often carried as part of the normal flora of animals and humans
->Reservoir:
->Species affected: mammals, fish
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: streptococcal pharyngitis, pyoderma,
abscesses, cellulitis, endocarditis, polyarthritis, pneumonia
and septicemia
->Treatment: can be treated with various antibiotics including penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, third-generation cephalosporins, vancomycin and clindamycin.

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Salmonellosis (reptile) reiters

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>Etiologic Agent: Enterobacteriaceae. They are Gram
negative, facultatively anaerobic rods
->Transmission: fecal-oral route, humans ingesting animal feces.
->Reservoir: reptiles, intestines
->Species affected:reptiles all
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: 6 to 73 hours incubation, self-limiting gastroenteritis, invasive infections leading to septicemia, enteric fever, Reiter's syndrome sequela (arthritis, urethritic or cervicitis.
->Treatment:antibiotics including ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones

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Foodborne: Campylobacter (cold moist)

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>Etiologic Agent: Campylobacter are Gram negative, microaerophilic, curved or spiral rods in the
family Campylobacteriaceae
->Means of persistence:known to survive cold moit environments
->Transmission: fecal-oral route, ingestion. in humans 1 to 10 days incubation.
->Reservoir:
->Species affected: can infect cattle, sheep, chickens, turkeys,
dogs, cats, mink, ferrets, pigs, non-human primates and other species.
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: C. jejuni disease varies from mild
gastrointestinal distress that resolves within 24 hours to a fulminating or relapsing colitis. The clinical signs may include watery or sticky diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache and muscle pain.
->Morbidity: 20/100K
->Mortality: Guillain-Barre syndrome 1/1000, 5% die
->Treatment:fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy. Antibiotics are occasionally given

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VT E coli or shiga toxin E coli (cooking)

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>Etiologic Agent: E.coli Gram negative rod (bacillus) in the family Enterobacteriaceae
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: fecal-oral route, aerosol, contact with cattle, sheep, goats.
->Reservoir:
->Species affected:
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: 1-8 days incubation, severe diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, HUS
animals: grayhounds-acute enteritis, no disease in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer, poultry
->Treatment:fluids and a bland diet. Antibiotics are controversial and are usually avoided

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Listeriosis

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>Etiologic Agent: Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram positive
rod in the family Listeriaceae
->Means of persistence: resistant to freezing
->Transmission: found worldwide, ingestion, direct contact
Animals can shed bacteria in feces, milk and uterine discharges.
Vertical transmission in human newborns and rumminants,
->Reservoir: soil and intestinal tracts of asymptomatic animals
->Species affected: sheep, goats
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: 3 to 70 days incubation, serious problem only in pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised or debilitated hosts. Septicemia, other symptoms depend on host. Healthy people rarely develop it.
->Treatment: antibiotics
->Mortality: 20 to 40%

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Salmonellosis (2nd most common food poisoning)

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>Etiologic Agent: They are Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic rods
->Means of persistence:
->Transmission: contaminated food, poultry, contact with pets, reptiles and amphibians.
->Reservoir:
->Species affected: dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, horses, swine
->Risk factors:
->Manifestation: 6hours to 3 days incubation, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, fever
->Treatment: vaccination of poultry, antimicrobials, but resistant to some.

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Foodborne Disease

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CDC estimates that each year roughly 1 in 6 Americans (or 48 million people) gets sick, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die of foodborne diseases.

31 known foodborne pathogens plus unspecified agents

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Foodborne pathogen risk factors

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-Animal Husbandry
•Transportation
•Slaughter, Processing and Packing
•Retail
•Home

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Type of organism

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•Desirable
•Spoilage
•Indicator
•Pathogenic

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Survival and Growth of Microbes

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Intrinsic food factors:
•pH, aw, Eh, biological and physical structure, nutrient composition, antimicrobial activity Extrinsic food factors:
•Temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric gases, competing microbes

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Type of infection

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•Invasive
•Non-invasive
•Toxigenic
•Preformed toxin

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Rickettsia

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is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria.

Obligate intracellular parasites

Carried by many ticks, fleas, and lice

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Pathogenesis

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Pathogenesis is primarily due to destruction of the infected cells by the replicating bacteria.

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Immunity

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Antibody-opsonized Rickettsia are phagocytosed and killed by macrophages and delayed type hypersensitivity develops following rickettsial infections.

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Black Legged Tick Deer tick, Ixodes scapularis

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ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, babesiosis

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American Dog Tick, Dermacentor variabilis

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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum

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Ehrlichia chaffeensis, STARI

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Babeosis

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Vector: Black legged tick
Presentation; Incubation 1 to 4 weeks, severe in immunosuppressed, fever, chills, sweating, myalgias, fatigue, Hepatosplenomegaly

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Ehrlichiosis

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Vector: black legged tick
Presentation: incubation 5-10 days. initial symptoms, fever, headache, myalgias, malaise, uncommon rash.
2-3% may die

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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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Vector: American dog tick,
Presentation: fever nausea, vomiting, severe headache, rash, abdominal pain, joint pain. Rash appears 2-5 days after onset.
Severe manifestation: respiratory, CNV, GI, renal
Doxycycline

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Lyme Disease (B burg)

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agent:Borrelia burgdorferi
Vector: Black legged tick.
Presentation: bull's eye rash (erythema migrans), fever, fatigue, malaise. Incubation 7-14 days

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How many human diseases are zoonotic

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61%

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Cleveland Paper

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1415 cause disease in humans
616 in livestock
374 in domestic carnivores

Viruses high probability to emerge

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Botulism (droopy)

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Agent: 7 toxins by Clostridium botulinum
Transmission: soils, sediments, anaerobic, intestinal tracts of mammals and fish.
Transmission in humans: ingest toxins from foods, home canned food, sausage, vegetables, seafood. Could be weaponized.
Presentation: 12-72 hours incubation. gastrointestinal disturbances
– including nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain – are often
the first sign. Either diarrhea or constipation may occur.
Cranial nerve signs (drooping, double vision, slurred speech), muscle weakness.
Fatal respiratory paralysis in severe cases. No fever.

Treatment: antitoxin vaccine, antibiotics
Mortality: less than 5%
Animal species: Many species of mammals and birds, as well as some fish, Cattle, horses,

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Clostridium perfringens

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Human disease: Incubation period: 8-16 hours, type A Presentation – watery diarrhea, abdominal pain
Necrotizing entiritis
Animal disease: Dogs and cats – rare Calves, lambs (types B,C,D, E) – hemorrhagic enteritis Chickens (types A and C) – necrotic enteritis