Zoology Test 4

Front 1

Structure of neuron

Back 1

is a nerve cell has a myelin sheath

Front 2

makes up the receptive part

Back 2

dentrites
nucleous
cell body or soma

Front 3

Makes up signal transmision

Back 3

myelin sheath
node btween schwann cells
axon

Front 4

Axon terminals

Back 4

at the end of axon sometimes have a neuromuscular junction with muscle

Front 5

insulates and speeds up singnal propagation

Back 5

myelin sheath

Front 6

neurons involved in stimulus/response

Back 6

sensory
interneurons
motor

Front 7

receive info

Back 7

sensory-afferent

Front 8

process information

Back 8

interneurons-association

Front 9

react, they take action

Back 9

motor-efferent

Front 10

Junctions between two nerves, or nerve and affector

Back 10

synapse

Front 11

brain and spinal cord

Back 11

central nervous system interneurons in CNS

Front 12

sensory(afferent) and motor (efferent)

Back 12

in PNS peripheral nervous system

Front 13

muscles, organs and glands are

Back 13

effectors

Front 14

Conduction of the nerve impulse

Back 14

resting poterntial, and action potential

Front 15

the nerve is at rest and no impulse is being conducted

Back 15

resting potential

Front 16

an electrical impulse is being generated and transferred much like the burning of a fuse

Back 16

action potential

Front 17

neuron membranes are

Back 17

selectively permeable to na and k

Front 18

At rest more insede axon

Back 18

K+

Front 19

at rest more outside axon

Back 19

Na+

Front 20

dipolaraze open channel for the + charge one open the next open

Back 20

axtion potential

Front 21

steps of conduction of an action potential

Back 21

1.at rest, inside of axon is (-) charged bcs Na potasium pump keeps higher conc of Na outside
2. as the membrane depolarizes, na channels open Na flows into cell so inside becomes more +
3. the local xhange in voltage opens adjacent voltage-sesitive Na channels
4. as the action potential travels farther down the axon, the resting potential is restored in in membrane

Front 22

step where propagation occurs

Back 22

3 one open the next and the next
is self-propagating: adjacent Na+ channels open

Front 23

what happen when restoring membrane final step

Back 23

Na+ is taking out and channel closes

Front 24

types of impulse conduction in nerve fibers

Back 24

non-myelinated and myelinated axons

Front 25

which one is faster a non-myelinated or myelinated

Back 25

myelinated

Front 26

acts as pumps

Back 26

nodes of ranvier

Front 27

What happens at a synapse

Back 27

its - or + it needs neurotransmiter

Front 28

is composed of pre-synaptic neuron ans post-synaptic neuron

Back 28

synapse- the space between is called synaptic cleft

Front 29

another name for nerutransmiters

Back 29

chemical transmitters

Front 30

the nerutransmitter is attached to ______

Back 30

receptor

Front 31

neurotransmiter is relesed into _____

Back 31

synapse

Front 32

where is the neurotransmiter stored

Back 32

in vesicles

Front 33

how chemical transmiters work

Back 33

1. potential arrives at synapse
2. acetycholine released during exocytosis
3. binds to receptor, causing postsynaptic membrane excitation
4. postsynaptic excitatory potential
5. if enough postsynaptic action potential depends on how much
6. acetycholine inactivated not continusly relesed
7. choline is reabsorbed into the presynaptic terminal
8. acetycholine resynthesized and stored in vesicles

Front 34

a cehemical that alters the response of a neuron to a nwurotransmitter or that blocks the release of a neurotransmitter

Back 34

neuromodulator

Front 35

neurotransmiter, influences anger, agression, mood, appetite

Back 35

seotonin

Front 36

if serotonin is _____ broken down by _____ on the ____ ____, it results on ______

Back 36

quickly
enzymes
post-synaptic side
mood swings

Front 37

what drug can be used in calming effect by slowing the reabsortion of serotonin back into the pre-synaptic neuron.

Back 37

serotonin

Front 38

How do drugs cause addiction

Back 38

at normal synapse, neurotransmitters are quickly recycled by transpoter proteins, so the fining rate of receptor proteins stays slow.
drg molecules bind to the transporters and block resycling, jso the lever of neurotransmitters rises, and the firing rate increases.

Front 39

Nature of drug addiction

Back 39

the body starts to compensate for the drug by lowering the numbers of receptors
removal of cocaine reduces firing. the body goes into withdrawal hence the demand fro more cocaine

Front 40

why a demand for a complex nervous system

Back 40

large body size, multicellularity more to coordinate across greater distances.
active life styles
sonsory capabilities
complex social systems. more demands upon brain for learning, remembering, procesing diff, types of info.

Front 41

has nerve net radially arranged, no brain, signal not direcitonal, but radiates out from stimulus point

Back 41

invertebrate- cnidarian (anemones, hydras, jellyfish)

Front 42

Wha sorts of sitimuli do they respond to?

Back 42

?

Front 43

has bilateral symmetry of ns 1st evolved
primitive bran (ganglia) first division of cns from pns

Back 43

flat worm. has nerve cords that go up to associative interneurons

Front 44

segments each have ganglia that coordinate each segment n ____

Back 44

annelids

Front 45

have dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord
several ganglia fused
bilateral arangement of ns

Back 45

arthropod

Front 46

what aspects of an arthropod requires more complex nervous system?

Back 46

battle- it can recognize opponent
active life style
interaction w/others

Front 47

how do invertebrates increase speed of action potential?

Back 47

by increasing diameter of nerve axon "giant axons" few do not have myeling-like insulation

Front 48

how do vertebrates increase speed of caiton potential?

Back 48

insulating axon in myelin sheath
it can achive same seed of impulse transmission w/much smaller axon
exp. frog myelinated azin 12um diamers conducts potential at same reate as unmyelinated squid axon of 350 um diameter

Front 49

increasing size and complexity of the brain

Back 49

encephalization

Front 50

ratio of brain to spinal cord in fish and amphibians

Back 50

1:1

Front 51

ratio of brain to spinal cord in humans

Back 51

55:1

Front 52

largest in animals that require complex movements and balance
smallest in amphibians, reptiles and fish

Back 52

cerebelum

Front 53

is used in maintenance of posture, involuntary movements, equilibrium

Back 53

cerebelum

Front 54

lasgest and most convoluted in mammals-responsible for voluntary muscle movements, vibrations, temp. teaste, integrating and processing sensory info.

Back 54

cerebrum

Front 55

path of senses

Back 55

stimulus- electrical, chemical, radiant, mechanical
sense organ- skins, eyes tonge etc wired to specific region of the brain that can process stimulus
nerve action potential- message travels through reflex arc for processing and action

Front 56

is a response to a chemical is the universal sense in animals

Back 56

chemoreception

Front 57

unicellular animals exhibit _____ moving towrds or away form a chemical source

Back 57

chemotaxis

Front 58

physical contact the chemical source

Back 58

taste

Front 59

distance chemoreception

Back 59

olfaction nose and vomeronasal organ

Front 60

respond to motion

Back 60

mechanoreception

Front 61

sensitive to quantitative forces that physically move the medium substrate or that otherwise apply pressure on the body
works by some comination of hair cells and fluid -hair cells are moved and neurons fire

Back 61

mechanoreception

Front 62

gives sense of positioning relative to the force of gravity

Back 62

statolith of custaceans or otholith of fish