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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hapens to ietary protein, nucleic acids?
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Some used to create ATP, waste excreted as nitrogenous waste
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How to get rid of the nitrogen?
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Most fish and aquatic animals as NH3, mammals as urea, birds and reptiles as uric acid.
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most soluble
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Ammonia thats why fish get away with it
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most toxic
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uric acid
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have no true excretory systems
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protist and porifera
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what do protist and porifera have to eliminate water
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contractile vacuoles for water excretion, but metabolic waste products simply evacuate through (difuse) the cell membranes bcs do not have to travel far
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Do protist and porifera need an excretory system.
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no. They are so small
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Flame cell of a flatworm
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primitive form of kidney |
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Nephridia filters the blood in Annelida
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Antennal glads of a crayfish
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Insect
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?
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filters ~180 L of fluid per day in humans
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Kidney of vertebrates
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only 1-2 L of urine is excreted
most is filtrated and reabsorbed into _______ |
vascular syste
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Humans need to produce at least ______ per day to eliminate _______.
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400 ml
waste products severe dehydration |
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Anatomy of human kidney
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1.- Bowman's capsule
2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. ascending limb of Henle's loop and descending 4. collecting duct |
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It has (out)efferent arteriole nd (in)afferent arteriole
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glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
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Is driven by HP particles size selective filtration
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Glomerulus
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In _____ _____ glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients are reabsorbed via active transport
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proximal tubule
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is controlled via pumps and is dependent upon the body's needs
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active tranport
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in the proximal tubule 65% fof the filtrate is ______.
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reabsorbed
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the descending loop of henle is permable only to _____, not ____.
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water
solutes |
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Why fluid becomes more concentrated as it moves down the descending limb, but water is still passively drawn out?
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bcs surronding medulla is more concentrated with solutes deeper into kidney creating a good osmotic gradient
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What is the funciton of loop of henle?
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only water reabsortion
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impermeable to water, but some solutes actively pulled out left in the interstitial fuid of inner medulla
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ascending limb
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increases concentration of solutes in surrounding fluid medium creating osmotic gradent for water reabsortion elsewhere
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solutes pulled from ascending limb
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85% of filtrate now reabsorbed
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ascending limb
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who has longer loop of henle?
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Kangoorous. it allows for more watr to be drawn out and retured to circulation.
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Who has short loop of henle?
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animals that do not need water as much since is provided
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partially permable to urea
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collecting duct
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it also increases osmotic concentration
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permeability ot urea in collectiong duct
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who controls the final water reabsortion
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ADH
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99% of filtrate reabsorbed, waste products and some water remain
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collecting duct
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Antidiaretic hormone
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ADH
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less H2O retained, increase in osmotic concentration of blood, receptor in hypothalamus, to anterior pituary, ADH relesed, increased permeability of distal tubule and collectng duct, nephron, more H2O retained
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Dehydration
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more H2O retained, decrase in osmotic concentraion of blood, receptor in hypothalamus goes to anterior pituary, ADH halted, decrease permeability of idstal tubule and collection duct(less water in), nephron, less H2O retained
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Hydration
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Why termoregulation is important
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enzymes only work in certain temp, reaction rates in body increases. biochemical reactions sensitive to temp
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too cold vs too hot with respect to enzymes
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too cold slow reaction, too hot enzymes break down
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typical operating range of animals
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0-40 C (32-104F)
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Behavioral or physiological regulation of body temp
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thermoregulator
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external environment ditates their internal temp
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thermoconformers usually live where temperature is optimum
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Heat Exchange with environment
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?
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source of heat gain or loss
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radiation
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net heat gain
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warms animal
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as we sweat we loose water which makes it loose heat
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evaporativecooling
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cooling or heating by air
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convection
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heating or cooling by contact with surfaces
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conduction
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it maintains temp relatively constant regarless of environment Bobcat
Metabolic rate is high and indeperndent from temp. heat generated is ratained All mammals and birds |
endotherm
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changes with enviroment like a snake.
heat generated is quickly lost metabolic rate is dependent on temp |
ectoderm
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can ectotherms thermoregulate
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yes
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Advantages of ectothermy
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less energy, it can save it in places like the desert.
Can thrive in areas where food is limited not much time looking for food |
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disadvantages of ectothermy
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spend time behaviorally thermoregulating
enzyme activity varies w/temp (locomotion, digestion, growth) activity can be severily limited by daily and seasonal radiation cycles |
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advantages of endothermy
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rates allow to operate in cold or hot temp. at optimum.
high enzyme activity indepent form environment. |
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disadvantges of endothermy
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high enery spent on thermoregulation
greater energy intake(high eating demands) over heat |
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Dark color ___ ___ ____ ____ than light surface
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reflects less radian energy
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Darker color morphs in _____ climates
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colder
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Basking color for ___ ___ ___ while non-basking color is lighter to ____ _____.
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radiant heat gain
reflect light |
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change of body position to either minimize or maximize heat very important for ectotherms
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Behavoir-based thermoregulation
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warm blood in veins transfers heat to blood in arteries. Distribiting heat from inside out. maintains constant temp
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in red muscle it has more red blood cells high metabolic rate. countercurrent thermal exchanger or the rete mirabile.
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bluefin tuna
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ectotherm but can reach endorthermic
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physiological response to cold. internal thermoregualtion by heatig muscles
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shivering thermogenesis
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cn achive 7 degrees C above ambient
contracts muscles at 50/min found in cold climates used during egg brooding |
pythons
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survive winter by shivering
can raise body temp to more than 30 C, super organism concept |
honeybees
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only in mammals. brown adipose tissue is used is packed in mitochondria that releases heat from futile ETC (heat is produced instead of ATP)
requires O2 found in hibernating mammals like ______ |
Non-shivering thermogenesis
bats |
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retains heat generated by muscles and basking cools at rate of .001 C/min like _____ and ______
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Thermal inertia
leatherbak sea turtle dinosaurs |
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Another example of thermal ineria _______ big surfarce area for cooling it domps heat into environment. low metabolic rate produce less heat by gr of tissue
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elephant
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it decrases conductive and convective heat loss. on skin or under skin.
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Insulation
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Increase of fur, blubber, interlock of fethers, huddling are examples of _______
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insulation
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physical procce of evaporation
only way to cool wen T of environment is greater than temperature of body. it requires water |
evaporative cooling
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sweting, painting, licking, and urination on own body are examples of
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Evapotive cooling
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it requires stimulus, temp. sensors, hypothalamus, effctor muscle, response.
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Vascular shunts
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is a system of blood vessels near the surface of skin if overheated channel is open to cool blood while if is chilled channel is closed to retain heat.
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Vascular shunts
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Vascular shunts requires a _____ feedback and _____ of blood to body surface.
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negative
shunting |
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how do wood frogs survive the winter
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by freezing using urea and glucose as antifreeze
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Read article
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urea
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are chemical messenger that are composed of steroids or proteins, stable molecules (do not break down quickly), are prduced by endocrine glands and travel by blood.
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hormones
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the action of hormones is delayes compared with _____ ____ but effects are longer lasting
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nervous system
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The ______ plays the lead role in deployment of hormones, directs pituitary gland to produce chemical signals that reach various glands, these gland then produce own hormones that travel to target cells. ______ _____ system controls hormone production
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hypothalamus
negative biofeedback |
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1.- neruendocrine system receives sensory info and issues a command as a hormone
2. hormone is transported to target cell 3. reaches target and binds to cell receptor 4. forms a complex triggers changes in target cells. |
hormonal communication
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important mechanist bcs maintains homeostasis
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Negative Biofeedback is like a thermostat it maintains at optimum point
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Example of negative feedback system
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Cortisol
Hypothalamus--CRH--Pituitary gland--ACTH---adrenal gland--cortisol--pituitary gland ACTH---hypothalamus |
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capable of entering cell directly interact w/DNA
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steroid based
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steroid based hormones examples
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estroges, progesterone and testosterone
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canot enter cell, have to connect to receptor protein which produces a second messanger which causes a series of reactions that leads to alter cell functions. interact indirectly w/DNA
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Peptide based hormones
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examples of peptide based hormones
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insulin and glucagon
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bcs are steroid hormones are ____ ____they can pass through
plasma membrane. |
lipid soluble
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Where is the receptor for peptide based hormones?
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on mombrane
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