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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___________ __________, the causative agent of giardiasis, traveler's diarrhea, backpacker's disease, is transmitted to humans by ingestion of cysts usually found in water |
Giardia lamblia |
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Giardia lamblia, the causative agent of giardiasis, traveler's diarrhea, backpacker's disease, is transmitted to humans by ingestion of cysts usually found in _________ |
Water |
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Define a Population |
A population is a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and share a common set of genes |
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Define a gene pool |
The sum of all the alleles for all trains in a sexually reproducing population
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Define Gene Flow |
Gene flow is the changes in relative allelic frequency from the migration of individuals |
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What is the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (or theorem) |
The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that the mixing of alleles at meiosis and their subsequent recombination do not alter the relative frequencies of the alleles in future generations if certain assumptions are met. |
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What is Genetic Drift |
Genetic drift is chance events influencing the frequencies of genes in a population |
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What is the founder effect |
When individuals from a parental population colonize new habitats, the seldom carry alleles in the same frequency as the alleles in the gene pool from which they came. The new colony that emerges from the founding individuals is likely to have a distinctive genetic makeup with far less variation than the larger population. |
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What is a population bottleneck |
The reduced gene frequency that occurs when the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced. |
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What is a mutation |
Mutations are changes in the structure of genes and chromosomes |
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What is Selection Pressure |
The tendency for natural selection to occur |
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What is Speciation |
Speciation is the formation of new species |
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What is Poly morphism |
When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species |
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What is balanced polymorphism |
Balanced polymorphism occurs when different phenotype are maintained at relatively stable frequencies in populations |
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What is reproductive isolation |
When gene flow among populations does not occur |
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What is a species |
A species is a group of populations in which genes are exchanged through interbreeding |
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What is allopatric speciation |
Allopatric speciation occurs when subpopulations become geographically isolated from one another |
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What is Parapatric Speciation? |
Parapatric speciation occurs in small, local populations. (Ex: Frogs in a tide-pool are more likely to breed with one another than individuals in a larger population.) |
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What is symaptric speciation |
Sympatric Speciation within a single population
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What is heterozygote superiority |
When heterozygotes are more fit than either homozygote (Ex: Sickle-cell carriers) |
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Carriers of the sickle-allele are resistant to the deadly form of _______ |
Malaria |
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What organism causes falciparal malaria |
Plasmodium falciparum |
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What is the most deadly form of malaria? |
Falciparum malaria |
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What are the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg? |
The population size must be large Individuals cannot migrate into or out of a population There are not net mutations Sexual Reproduction must be random There is no Natural Selection |
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Regarding Hardy-Weinberg, what are p and q? What are p2, 2pq and q2? |
P= Frequncy of the dominant allele
Q= Frequency of the recessive allele P2= Frequency of Homozygous Dominant Individuals 2PQ= Frequency of Heterozygous Individuals Q= Frequency of Homozygous Dominant Individuals |
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What are the Hardy-Weinberg Equations? |
P2+2PQ+Q2=1 P+Q=1 |
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How are the 2 subspecies of African Elephants different? Why are some scientists proposing that the animals should be considered 2 separate species? |
Loxodonta africana africana (Savannah sub species) and Loxodonta africana cyclotis (tropical Forrest sub species). Molecular studies indicate that little gene flow exists between the two groups. |
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List the modes of selection |
Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection and Stabilizing Selection |
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Describe Directional Selection |
Directional Selection occurs when individuals at one phenotypic extreme are at a disadvantage to all other individuals in the population. |
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Describe Disruptive Selection |
Also called diversifying selection, Disruptive selection produces distinct sub populations by selecting against individuals of an intermediate phenotype. |
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Describe Stabilizing Selection |
When phenotypic extremes are deleterious, stabilizing selection narrows the phenotypic range |
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Compare and contrast Punctuated equilibrium and Phyletic Gradualism |
In Punctuated equilibrium, there are long periods of stasis interrupted by brief periods of change. In Phyletic gradualism, evolutionary change occurs gradually over millions of years. |
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What is Ecology |
Ecology is the study of the relationships of organisms to their environment and to other organisms. |
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What is heterotrophic |
Hetertrophic animals ingest other organisms to supply their own energy needs. |
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What is autotrophic |
Autotrophic organisms carry out photosynthesis or other carbon-fixing activities that supply their own food. |
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What is an energy budget |
An energy budget is an accounting of an animal's total energy intake and a description of how that energy is used and lost.
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What is gross energy intake |
The total energy an organism takes in
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What is a tolerance range |
The range of values in which an organism has been found to live
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What is a range of optimum |
A certain range of values that define the conditions under which an animal is most successful |
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What is a habitat |
An animal's physical environment
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What is carrying capacity |
The population size that a particular environment can support. |
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What are density-dependent factors |
Factors that are more severe when a population is high (or very low) than they are at other densities
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What are density-independent factors |
Factors that influence a population without regard to the number of individuals per unit space
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What is torpor |
A time of decreased metabolism and lowered body temperature that may occur daily |
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What is hibernation |
A time of decreased metabolism and lowered body temperature that may last for weeks or months. Temperature drops to about 20C |
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What is winter sleep |
Similar to hibernation, but temperature drops less than for an animal in hibernation. Temperature drops to about 30C
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What is aestivation |
A period of inactivity in some animals that must withstand extended periods of drying.
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What is symbiosis? What are the three types of symbiosis? |
When different species living in a continuing, intimate association. Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism |
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What is parasitism |
When one organisms lives in or on a second organism. In Parasitism, one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
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What is commensalism? Spell it |
A symbiotic relationship in which one member of the relationship benefits and the second is neither helped nor harmed. |
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What is Mutualism |
A symbiotic relationship that benefits both members. |
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What is camouflage? |
When an animal's color patterns help hide the animal. |
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What is cryptic coloration? |
Is a type of camouflage that occurs when an animal take on a color pattern in its environment to prevent the animal from being seen by other animals
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What is warning coloration?
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Apsoematic coloration, used to warn predators that they may be dangerous or distasteful
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What is mimicry? |
Mimicry occurs when a species resembles an other species and gains protection by the resemblance to a conspicuous animal. |
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What is a food chain? |
The sequence of organisms through which energy moves in an ecosystem |
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What are the 3 types of survivorship curves? |
Type I, Type II and Type II |
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Describe the Type I Survivorship curve |
When individuals in a population survive to an old age then die rapidly |
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Describe the Type II Survivorship curve |
When individuals in a population have a constant probability of death throughout their lifetime
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Describe the Type III Survivorship curve |
When individuals in a population experience very high juvenile mortality and those reaching adulthood have a much lower mortality rate.
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What are abiotic characteristics of a habitat? |
The non-living characteristics of a habitat |
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List the abiotic characteristics of a habitat |
Energy
Temperature Moisture Light Geology Soils |
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What are biotic characteristics of a habitat |
The living characteristics of a habitat
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List the biotic characteristics of a habitat |
Population Growth
Population Regulation |
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What is intraspecific competition? |
Intraspecific Competition occurs when different species utilize similar resources and interfere with each other's procurement of those resources. |
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Who is the father of taxonomy? |
Karl von Linne |
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Define Systematics/Taxonomy |
The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the evolutionary relationships among them
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Define nomenclature |
The assignment of a distinctive name to each speciece |
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Define taxon |
A grouping of animals that share a particular set of characteristics |
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What is a monophyletic group? |
A group with a single ancestral species and all of its descendants |
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What is a polyphylectic group? |
A group with members that can be traced to separate ancestors |
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What are the order of taxonomic categories? |
Domain Kingdom Species |
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What is a cladogram?
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A hypothetical lineage |
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What are derived characters? |
Characters that have arisen since common ancestry with the outgroups
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What is a phylogenetic tree? |
A tree of phylogenentic groups
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What is a clade? |
A subset defined by a shared derived character |
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What are the 3 domains? |
Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya |
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What is symmetry? |
describes how parts of an animal are arranged around a point or on an axis |
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What is asymmetry? |
The absence of symmetry
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What is radial symmetry? |
The arrangement of body parts such that any plane passing through the central oral-aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images.
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What is biradial symmetry? |
The arrangement of body parts such that a single plane, passing between the upper and lower surfaces and through the longitudinal axis of an animal divides the animal into right and left mirror images.
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What is cephalization? |
The formation of a distinct head |
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What is diploblastic? |
The simplest tissue level organization. Body parts are organized into layers derived from Ectoderm and Endoderm tissue. |
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What is triploblastic? |
Tissue is derived from three embryological layers, Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm |
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What is dorsal? |
The back of an animal, usually the upper surface |
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What is ventral? |
The belly of an animal, usually the lower surface |
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What is anterior? |
The head end of an animal |
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What is posterior? |
The tail end of an animal
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What is aboral? |
The end opposite the mouth
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What is oral? |
The end containing the mouth
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What are the characteristics of acoelomates? |
Animals without a body cavity -- solid
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What are the characteristics of pseudocoelomates? |
Animals with a body cavity, but the body cavity is not entirely lined by mesoderm
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What are the characteristics of coelomates? |
Aniamls that have a body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm |
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What is a coelom? |
a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
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Which animals are Lophotorchozoa? |
Include animals like the annelides and molluscs |
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What animals are Ecdysozoa? |
Include arhtropods and nematodes thjat posses an outer covering called a cuticle that is shed or molted periodically
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What is a protist? |
Protista is a collection of single-celled organisms that do not fit into any other category. Protists are a group made up of protozoa, unicellular algae, and slime molds |
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What is a protozoa? |
a complete organism in which all life activities are carried on within a single plasma membrane
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What is a contractile Vacuole? |
A vacuole who's sole function is to remove water from a cell. Typical of protozoa who live in fresh water
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What is a Pellicle? |
A regular arrangement of microtubles which underlay the plasma membrane of many protozoa.
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What are the two types of binary fission? |
Lateral and longitudinal |
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What are the types of asexual reproduction? |
Binary Fission, budding and Schizogony |
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What is red tide? |
Dionoflagellates such as Gymnodinium |
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What are dinoflagellates? |
Marine flagellated protozoa that contain various pigment such as chlorophyll |
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What is the method of protozoan sexual reproduction called? |
Conjgation |
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How do humans contract Giardiasis? |
from the water borne Giardia intestinalis |
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How do humans contract amebiasis? |
From the parasite Entamoeba histolytica |
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How do humans contract African Sleeping Sickness? |
From Tsetse flies carrying Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. |
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How do humans contract trichomoniasis?
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From Trichomonas vaginalis (STD) |
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How do humans contract toxoplasmosis? |
From Toxoplasma gondii |
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How do cattle contract trichomoniasis and what are possible complications? |
Trichomonas vaginalis |
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What stage of the malarial parasite is injected into the human host by a mosquito? |
Sporozoites from the Sporogonic cycle |
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In what host do the exoerythrocytic and erythorocytic cycles of Malaria occur? |
The definitive host, humans
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In what host does the sporogonic cycle of Malaria occur? |
The intermediate host, mosquitos
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How many supergroups of protists are currently recognized? How many of these supergroups contain protozoa? |
6 super groups, four contain protozoa |
