Zoology: Taxonomy And Phylogeny Of Animals

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zoologists have classified how many animals

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1.5 million

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is estimated to be what percent of living animals

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20%

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what percent of animals which have existed

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1%

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The formal system for naming and grouping species to communicate the evolutionary order of life

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Taxonomy

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The hiearchy of taxonmoic ranks proceed from

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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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With the incorporation of theory of evolution int taxonomy the role of the taxonomist changed from that of classification to systemization as is

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from species being classified by there essential morphological features to being classified by there evolutionary decent

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Latinized system of defining forms of life binomially based on a latin genus and species (specific epithet)

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Binomial nomenclature

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Species must share a common decent which is

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a common ancestral population

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a species distribution through space

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Geographic range

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A species distribution through time

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Evolutionary duration

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species with wide geographic ranges are said to be

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cosmopolitan

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Those restricted to a geographic area are said to be

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endemic

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an interbreeding population of individual having common decent and sharing intergrading characteristics

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species

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sibling species

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Different species that are morphologically indistinguishable

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Which standard gene is used in DNA barcoding

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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1

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The historical evolutionary tree of

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phylogeny

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organismal features used to study variation within and among species

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characters

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character features can be

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molecular chromosomal, morphological, behavioral or ecological.

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Character similarity resulting from common ancestry is called

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homology

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character similarity which misrepresents common ancestral decent is called

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homoplasy

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a characteristic present in common ancestor of a phylogeney is called

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ancestral

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a characteristic which arose via evolution within a phylogeney are called

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derived character states

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a taxon or other group consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants forming a distinct branch on the phylogenetic tree

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Clade

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a derived character hared by the members if a clade is call a

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synapomorphy

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ancestral character states for a taxon are referred to as

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plesiomorphic for that taxon

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the sharing of ancestral states among organisms is termed

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symplesiomorphy

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The hierarchy of clades is presented as a branching diagram called a

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cladogram

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a tree which represents the evolutionary lineages of life and there hypothesized patterns of common decent among those lineages

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phylogenetic tree

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Compares the varying shapes sizes and organismal structure and there developmental origins

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Comparative morphology

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uses sequences of amino acids in proteins and the sequences of nucleic acids to identify variable characters for constructing a cladogram

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Comparative biochemistry

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uses the variation in the numbers shapes and sizes of chromosomes and their parts to obtain variable charters for construction cladograms

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Comparative cytology

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a taxon that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of the descendants of that ancestor

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a monophyletic group

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a taxon that includes the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some but not all descendants of that ancestor.

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paraphyletic group

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A taxon that does not contain a common ancestor of all of its members.

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polyphyletic group