Zoology Spring 2009 Final Review

Front 1

Ascaris flat worms lifestyle

Back 1

Females lay up to 200,000 eggs per day. Eggs are usually laid in dirt. The dirt then somehow gets mixed in with unclean or dirty food and the eggs are ingested along with the food. The egg(s) hatch inside the person who ingested them. The eggs then hatch and the young burrow into the host's intestinal wall. They mature in the host's system for two months, feeding on intestinal contents. They then find their way out of the host, usually through the anus or ears. Finally, they reproduce and die.

Front 2

3 ways annelids are important to the ecosystem

Back 2

1. Break up soil and add nutrients, making the soil more viable for plant growth.
2. Are extremely abundant and make for excellent food source
3. Very efficient decomposer

Front 3

Earthworm respiration and the mucous involved

Back 3

Earthworm skin is kept moist by slimy mucous produced by the epidermis. A gaseous exchange in which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out occurs through the skin. The mucous makes the exchange possible. Therefore, if the sun dries the mucous up, the earth worm will not be able to breathe and it will die.

Front 4

Clam respiration

Back 4

Gaseous exchange through gills

Front 5

Lobster gills and respiration

Back 5

Lobsters have twenty pairs of gills that lie within two branchial chambers. Water is sucked in through holes located between the legs and is passed by the gills, which absorb oxygen from it. Somehow, however, the gills also get clogged with debris. For this reason, the current of the water being passed by the gills is reversed every few minutes to wash the debris away.

Front 6

Clam feeding

Back 6

Clams feed upon plankton through a double-tubed siphon which operates like a snorkel. The siphon serves to obtain food and eliminate waste products. In-flowing water is pumped through the incoming tube of the siphon, passed over the gills and strained to remove food particles. The water is then passed out the outgoing tube of the siphon.

Front 7

Squid feeding

Back 7

Many of those with tentacles shoot them out towards their prey, drawing the struggling animal into its arms to be dismembered. Some squid with exceptionally long tentacles drag them over the seabed, capturing small prey in myriad minute, sticky suckers, then slowly withdrawing the tentacles to the arms. Others dangle their long tentacles down into a school of fish, squid or prawns, clasping hold of one and lunging forward to restrain the prey with their arms.

Front 8

Pinworm life cycle

Back 8

Laid near the anus. Unless the scotch tape method is used to remove the eggs before they hatch, the eggs burrow up the host's anus and into the duodenum or intestine to feed on intestinal matter.

Front 9

Hookworm life cycle

Back 9

Eggs pass through feces of the host and hatch in the soil. When human skin comes in contact with them, they burrow through the skin into the lungs or intestines. They then latch onto the intestinal wall and sucks the blood of the host, causing anemia, mental retardation, and retarded physical growth.

Front 10

Four structural adaptations, which make flight possible (for most species of bird).

Back 10

• Decrease in weight. Some adaptations that birds made that decreased their weight include hollow bones, karatanized bills rather than heavy jaws and teeth, and a high metabolic rate which, among other things, keeps waste at a minimum.
• Feathers. Feathers are protective yet light and very aerodynamic. They are also very helpful in insulating heat and because of that, most birds have adapted endothermy as their heat regulation method.
• Increase in power. This is aided by forelimbs modified as strong wings and excellent neuromuscular coordination.
• A keeled sternum. On the sternum, powerful flight muscles can insert.

Front 11

Two major distinguishing features of mammals and their purposes

Back 11

Hair (protection, warmth, or both) and mammary glands (produce milk)