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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution is "the biological theme that ties together all the others" This is because the process of evolution:
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-explains why distantly related organisms sometimes resemble one another
-explains why all organisms have characteristics in common -explains the diversity of organisms -explains how organisms become adapted to their environment |
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The long hair (L) of Persian cats is dominant to the short hair (l) of siamese cats. However, the black coat color (B) of Persians is dominant to the brown-and-tan coat (b) color of Siamese cats. If a pure black, long-haired Persian is mated to a pure brown-and-tan, short-haired Siamese cat, what will be the phenotype of the F1 offspring?
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Long, black hair
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If two of the F1 cats (described in the previous question) are mated, what is the chance that a long-haired, brown-and-tan cat will be produced in the f2 generation?
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3/16
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The ability to elevate their fur helps many mammals seem bigger and also provides increased insulation in cold conditions. Humans have goosebumps which arise under similar conditions of cod and intense emotion but serve no known function. Thus, goosebumps are
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vestigial traits
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in animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in
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zygotes
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no two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is
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the recombination of alleles in sexual reproduction
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natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ___________ survive and reproduce more successfully than others
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individuals
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red-green colorblindness is an [X-linked] recessive disorder in humans. Mary is the daughter of a color-blind father. Her mother had normal color vision, but her maternal grandfather was colorblind. What is the probability that Mary is colorblind?
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50%
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Polyploidy refers to:
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more than 2 sets of chromosomes in an individual
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Darwin's and Lamarck's theories of evolution both suggest that
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the interaction of organisms with their environment is important in the evolutionary process
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The process by which a chromosome segment becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome is known as
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translocation
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a student is looking at cells under the microscope. The cells are from an organism with a , 2n=14. In one of the ells, there are seven replicated chromosomes (composed of sister chromatids) aligned single file at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
-The cell is in metaphase of mitosis -The cell is in metaphase I off meiosis -The cell is in metaphase II of meiosis -The ell is in the S phase of the cell cycle -The cell is not dividing |
The cell is in metaphase II of meiosis
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Within 6 months of effectively using the antibiotic methicillin to treat S. aureus bacterial infections in a community, all new infections were caused by methicillin resistant S. aureus. How can this result be explained?
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some methicillin-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.
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mammal hair evolved from the scales of reptiles. On the other hand, the "hair" on many insects, such as bees, has a completely different origin. These facts mean that the hair of mammals and the hair insects are
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analogous structures
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which of the following is NOT associated with oogenesis?
-ovaries -polar bodies -secondary oocyte -unequal cytokinesis -formation of flagellated cells |
formation of flagellated cells
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The evolution of showy structures such as brightly colored feathers, long tails, or impressive antlers is hypothesized to be due to the process known as
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sexual selection
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Which statement about a test cross is NOT true
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If the test individual is homozygous, the progeny will have a 3:1 ratio
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Which statement refers to Mendels Law of Segregation?
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Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis
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The Hardy-Weinburg equation characterizes the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies
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of a population that is very large and not evolving
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In a population expressing 5 different alleles for a particular gene locus, what is the maximum number of alleles present at an individual's gene locus
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2
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It is possible to make a Doberman dog's floppy ears stand erect by clipping the ears and applying splints. This is an example of
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the effect of the environment on phenotypic expression
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a mare with a roan coat color (red and white hairs) is crossed with a stallion also with a roan coat color. Over a period of a decade, the breeding between these 2 horses produces 8 foals with the following coat colors: 2 red; 4 roan; 2 white. If a red horse from the f1 is crossed with a white horse from the f1, what would be the possible phenotypes of the offspring
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100% roan
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In an organism, if the normal diploid number of chromosomes is 8 (2n=8), how many total CHROMATIDS are present in each daughter cell at the end of MEIOSIS I?
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8
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How many sperm will be produced if 25,000 primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis?
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100,000
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Which of the following represents the sex chromosome makeup of a hen?
-xx -xy -xo -zz -zw |
ZW
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Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audobon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a singe species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence would be cause for this reclassification?
-The two forms have many genes in common -the two foams have similar food requirements -the two forms are very similar in coloration patterns the two forms live in similar habitats -the two forms interbreed often in their natural habitat, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction |
The two forms interbreed often in their natural habitat, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction
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The mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, has a diploid number of 2n=6. How many different combinations of parental chromosomes are possible in this species as the result of independent assortment during meiosis?
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2^3
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Which of these traits is LEAST likely to be controlled by polygenic inheritance?
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black or white feather color in chickens
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Which of the following represents an idea Darwin borrowed from the writings of political economist, Thomas Malthus?
-All species are fixed in the form in which they are created -populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their environment can support -the earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals -The environment is responsible for natural selection -the earth is more than 6000 years old |
Populations tend to increase at faster rate than their environment can support
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If an earthquake hit a small island so that all but a tiny group of lizards were eliminated and the survivors spread out over the island, this would be an instance of ____.
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bottleneck effect
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Which of the following ideas was most commonly held in the eighteenth century?
-genetic change through mutation -evolution by natural selection over time -the fixity of species -changes in a species through adaptation to the environment -evolution through genetic drift |
the fixity of species
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two populations of squirrels of the same species lives on opposite sides of the Brazos River. During periods of drought, the squirrels from the 2 populations are able to cross the river and breed with members of the other population. Over time these 2 populations will
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become more similar in their gene pool
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A jack rabbit population has a gene with two alleles, A and a. Tests show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium, what proportion of the jack rabbits carry both A and a (are heterozygotes)?
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.42
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Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about homologous chromosomes?
-they have identical alleles -they have genes for the same traits at the same loci -they pair up at prophase II -they are found in haploid cells -they are found in eggs, but not in sperm |
they have genes for the same traits at the same loci
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Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating
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stabilizing selection
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Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier
-hybrid offspring of two species of pupfish always die vetoer reproducing -One ceanothus shrub lives on acid soil, another on basic soil -mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of year -two species of leopard frogs have different mating cells -two species of parrots live at different levels in the rainforest canopy |
hybrid offspring of two species of pupfish always die before reproducing
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During crossing over in meiosis 1
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homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
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The major disadvantage to asexual reproduction is
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the lack of variation among the offspring
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all of the following are functions of meiosis in animals EXCEPT:
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repair and growth of tissues
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Which of the following is NOT an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
-There is heritable variation among individuals -poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring -species produce more offspring than the environment can support -individuals who's characteristics are vest suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited -only a fraction of an individuals offspring may survive |
poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring
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for a woman living in central Africa, which genotype would be the most advantageous to have?
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heterozygous for the sickle cell allele
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Which of the following is NOT a hexapod?
-copepod -termite -mosquito -dung beetle -flea |
copepod
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Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY with the structure it uses for support?
earthworm-hydrostatic skeleton -sponge-spicules -crayfish-exoskeleton -seastar-endoskeleton -nematode-setae |
nematode-setae
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you are taking that special someone on a dinner date to a classy restaurant. However, this restaurant's menu lists it's entrees according to taxon. Which of the following taxa would provide the MOST edible entree? (Make sure you select correctly, because you wouldn't want to make a less than favorable impression on your date by choosing an unpalatable dish)
-crustacea -cestoda -arachnida -trilobitomorpha -turbellaria |
Crustacea
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The mollusk pictured (above) is a member of class ________. These animals undergo torsion during development and include the only terrestrial members of the phylum.
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Gastropoda
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Which of the following animals is capable of regeneration?
-sea stars -sponges -crabs -all of the above |
-sea stars
-sponges -crabs |
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Which of the following cases best illustrates an adaptive radiation?
-a population of a cricked species takes up residence in a cave. Over many generations, the cave crickets eventually lose their eyes, like many other cave-dwelling animals -a colonizing species of fruit fly takes up residence on a new continent and displaces two closely related native species -a fishes lake is colonized by a single fish species, which over a few thousand years gives rise to several species, each with a series of unique feeding adaptations -a small group of tree-dwelling lizards of a single species migrates to an uninhabited, treeless island and adapts to use the open grassland habitat -a population of mosquitoes is exposed to an insecticide. Only those individuals that are resistant to the insecticide survive and reproduce |
A fishes lake is colonized by a single fish species, which over a few thousand years gives rise to several species, each with a series of unique feeding adaptations
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Which of the following Annelida classes is NOT matched correctly
-Oligochaeta-castings -Polychaeta-christmas tree worms -hirudinae-leeches -Polychaeta-anticoagulants -Oligochaeta-earthworms |
Polychaeta-anticoagulants
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Which model would predict the abrupt appearance of a new species in the fossil record, with little or no evidence of intermediate forms?
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punctuated equilibrium
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One way terrestrial arthropods conserve water is to use their excretory organs, _______, to concentrate nitrogenous wastes into a crystalline form known as ________.
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malpighian tubules; uric acid
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Which of following is NOT a tapeworm characteristic?
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well developed digestive cavity and enzymes
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Which of the following can radically alter animal body shapes, patterns, and organs by regulating the expression of other genes?
-regulatory clocks -developmental genes -fossil genes -molecular genes -somatic genes |
developmental genes
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A paleontologist discovers a fossilized invertebrate with 2 pairs of wings and jointed appendages. Based on these anatomical characteristics, he classifies the animal into
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superclass insecta
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Which of the following is NOT generally an animal characteristic?
-nervous and muscle tissue -lack of cell walls -multicellularity -heterotrophic nutrition -haploid life cycle |
haploid life cycle
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Arthropods are the most divers animals on Earth. Which of these traits listed below is LEAST likely to contribute to their success?
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molting
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the organism pictured (above) ****jellyfish
-cnidocytes -marine habitat -diploblastic -medusa body form -coelom |
coelom
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You are enrolled in an entomology class during the spring semester and have the opportunity to observe the life cycles of several different insects. You notice that grasshoppers don't undergo complete metamorphosis, but rather undergo incomplete metamorphosis where they form _____which are usually smaller, immature stages tat resemble the adult insects
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nymphs
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The bioluminescent marine organism pictured (above) ***comb jelly is a member of Phylum _____ and is one of the largest animals that uses _____ for motility
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Ctenophora; cilia
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The modern polar bear species evolved from ancestral bear populations in southern Alaska that became geographically separated by glaciers from bear populations in the rest of North America. This type of event is called
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allopatric speciation
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A snorkeler finds a bilaterally symmetrical animal on the sandy substrate of a coral reef environment. It was buried in the sand and has a hard outer body covering composed of 2 shells connected with one hinge. What kind of animal did she find?
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bivalve
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An organism that is a unicellular eukaryote, like an amoeba (pictured above), would be classified in Kingdom
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Protista
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A female great peacock moth attracts dozens of male peacock moths all hoping to woo her as a mating partner. When she flies away, they are all in close pursuit. What is responsible for the attraction of all these male moths to the female moth?
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pheremones
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Which of the following statements about segmentation in animals is FALSE
-segmentation limits the mobility of the animal -segmentation lessens the impact of injury to an animals body -segmentation facilitates the specialization of function in different body parts of the body -segmentation allows individual segments to be controlled independently -segmentation is found in a number of different animal droups |
Segmentation limits the mobility of the animal
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the basic body plan of an annelid worm
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is a tube-within-a-tube
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The Animal Kingdom is thought to have evolved most recently from
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a colonial flagellate protist
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Nematodes
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have a transparent external covering called a cuticle
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the animal pictured (above)?
-water vascular system -marine habitat -nematocysts -spiny endoskeleton -tube feet |
nematocysts
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Adult Ascaris nematode worms are usually found
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in the human intestine
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When animals are hermaphroditic, they
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have both male and female reproductive structures in one individual
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What is the most common human parasitic nematode found in the United States
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pinworms
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Which of the following statements about rotifers is TRUE
-rotifers can only reproduce asexually by budding -rotifers have a corona that is used for both motility & feeding -many rotifers are parasitic on humans -rotifers have an exoskeleton -rotifers use a gastrovascular cavity for food digestion |
rotifers have a corona that is used for both motility and feeding
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Which of the following characteristics does NOT apply to the organism pictured (above) **spider
-predatory -chelicerae -antennae -sensory hairs -book lungs |
Antennae
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The most active mollusks are ____who have a ____ circulatory system to meet their high energy requirements
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cephalopods; closed
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Which of the following statements about mollusks is FALSE
-the foot may be modified for different functions in different mollusks -the visceral mass secretes the shell that is typical of many mollusks -the radula is a scraping organ used by many mollusks for feeding -some mollusks have completely lost or internalized their shell -most mollusks have an open circulatory system except for cephalopods |
the visceral mass secretes the shell that is typical of many mollusks
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The excellent fossil record of horses shows that modern horses, which have one toe on each foot, evolved from ancestors that had multiple toes. A trait like the modern horse's single toe that differs from the ancestral trait in the lineage is called
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a derived trait
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Which of the following is a deuterostome?
-honeybee -planarian -coral -sea urchin -earthworm |
sea urchin
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Which of the following is NOT animal poisonous to humans?
-blue ringed octopus -brown recluse spider -horseshoe crab -centipede -box jelly |
horseshoe crab
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The classification of an animal as a protostome or a deuterostome is based upon
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its pattern of embryonic development
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Which invertebrates exhibit radial symmetry?
-spnges and mollusks -rotifers and echinoderms -cnidarians and mollusks -cnidarians and echinoderms -rotifers and ctenophores |
cnidarians and echinoderms
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Which of the followings NOT a characteristic of the animal, Sponge Bob (above), that is found in all the other animals in the Animal Kingdom
-sexual reproduction -multicellularity -heterotrophic nutrition -specialized cells for specific functions -tissues |
tissues
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Within the Bilateria which of the following descriptions does NOT distinguish the Protostomes from the Deuterostomes
-In Protostomes, the mesoderm splits to form the coelom; In Deuterostomes, the coelom forms from outpocketings of the gut -In Protostomes, cell division is determinate; In deuterostomes, cell division is indeterminate -in protostomes, there are 2 tissue layers; in deuterostomes, there are 3 tissue layers -In protostomes, the mouth forms at the blastopore; in deuterostomes, the anus forms at the blastopore -protostomes have spiral cleavage; deuterostomes have radial cleavage |
In Protostomes there are two tissue layers; In Deuterostomes there are 3 tissue layers
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protostome coelomates
-jellyfish -chimpanzee -wasp -snail -sponge -starfish |
wasp && snail
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deuterostome coelomates
-jellyfish -chimpanzzee -wasp -snail -sponge -starfish |
chimpanzee && starfish
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most common type of speciation in animals is _____which involves some type of ________
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allopatry; geographical barrier
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biogeography
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how animals are distributed across the earth
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mitosis results in daughter cells _____ to the parent cell
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identical
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animals are _______ ________
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ingestive heterotrophs
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most of the phyla of the animal kingdom can be found in ______
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the ocean
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a healthy animal cell is put into a hyperosmotic environment. What will happen
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Water will leave the cell and cause it to shrivel up
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natural selection acts directly
-on the organisms genotype -on the organisms phenotype -at the level of the individual -A & C -B&C |
B & C
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pairs of alleles are found at a particular ______ on a pair of _______
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locus; homologous chromosomes
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Monotremes differ form other mammals in that they
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lay eggs
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Birdlike Reptilia have
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enlarged sternum with keel
air spaces in bones lack of bladder |
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During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose
1. amniotic egg 2. jaws 3. swim bladder 4. four-chambered heart 5. vertebrae |
5, 2, 3, 1, 4
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amniotic eggs?
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duck-billed platypus
crocodiles birds |
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Which of the following features of bony fishes is also characteristic of cartilaginous fishes?
-swim bladders -paired fins -opercula covering their gill slits -bony scales -skeleton composed of calcium phosphate |
paired fins
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both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricle
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amphibians
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the swim bladders of bony fish
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evolved for lunglike sacs
used for gas exchange organs of buoyancy |
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primary reason for having gas exchange surface on the inside of the body in terrestrial animals is
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to reduce water loss through evaporation
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used for gas exchange in animals?
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-skin
-gills -trachae -book lungs |
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Which of the following animals are most closely related phylogeneticlall to extint dinosaurs?
-lizards -birds -snakes -crocodiles -mammals |
birds
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oxygen rich water flowing in the opposite direction to oxygen poor blood in order to maximize the diffusion across the surfaces of a gill is a concept called
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counter-current exchange
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the avian respiratory system uses ____ for gas exchange
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air sacs
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pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as
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filter feeding devices
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what diagnostic trait listed below would allow you to classify an animal as a vertebrate?
-notochord -postanal tail -cranium |
cranium
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Describe the four distinguishing characteristics of the chordates
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-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve gord -postanal tail -pharyngeal gill slits |
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urochordata
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sea squirts
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cephalochordata
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brachio somehting?
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define paedogenesis
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retention of larval characteristics in the mature forms
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theory of origin of vertebrates
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come from provertebrate
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distinguishing characteristics of vertebrata
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-vertebrates
-cranium or skull -endoskelelton -kidneys -high degree of cephalization |
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7 classes of vertebrata and one extinct class
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-agnatha
-chrondrichtyes -osteichthyes -amphibia -reptilia -bird like reptiles -mammalia extinct**** -placoderms |
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describe the earliest fish fossils
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-ostracoderms
+no jaws +no paired fins +bony armor plates +most filter feeders |
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examples of living agnathans
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hagfish && lampreys (parasitic)
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2 major developments in the evolution of vertebrates && in what class?
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-paired fins
-jaws PLACODERMS |
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evolutionary origin of vertebrate jaws
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+gill support arches
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placodermi
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BIG
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unique characteristics of fish form class chondrichthyes and list some examples from this group
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sharks, skates, rays
cartilaginous fishes swim bladder? no no operculum covering gills placoid scales and teeth |
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unique characteristics of class osteichthyes. name the 2 __?__ of bony fish
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bony operculum, some with rays in fins
-lobe finned fishes -ray finned fishes lateral line system-detect sounds |
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hypothesis for evolution of tetrapods from lobe-finned fishes
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have really muscular fins
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evolution of swim bladder in bony fishes. describe its original function in earlier fish
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--first used as a lung--most evolved in freshwater (would come up and gulp air)
now used as an organ of buoyancy |
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adaptations in fishes for their aquatic environment
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gills
lateral line system paired fins |
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most abundant vertebrates
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osteichthyes
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ectothermy
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cant use metabolism to regulate body temperature
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explain counter-current exchange
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water going in one direction blood going in the other direction
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describe gills and how gills are ventilated
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operculum
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name the type of excretory organ and excretory waste product in fish
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kidneys; ammonia
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explain how cartilaginous fish, marine bony fish, freshwater bony fish osmoregulate
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make them isotonic to their marine environment---have urea in their bodies
gain salts and lose water-hypotonic to the environment--produce very small amounts of urine--drink lots of water---get rid of salts over gills lose salts--gain water--hypertonic to environment--dont drink very much--produce lots of urine--get salts over gills |
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single loop circulatory pathway in fish
2 chambered heart |
blood goes from ventricle into gills pick up oxygen---goes into the systemic circuit (very muscular so doesn't have to go back to heart)
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distinguising characteristics of amphibians
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double life
4 appendages stocky girdles lungs or use skin to get gas exchange have to go back to water to reproduce |
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describe amphibian metamorphosis and its function in an amphibians life history
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reduces competiton---dont eat the same things; etc.
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adaptations in fishes for their aquatic environment
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gills
lateral line system paired fins |
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most abundant vertebrates
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osteichthyes
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ectothermy
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cant use metabolism to regulate body temperature
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explain counter-current exchange
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water going in one direction blood going in the other direction
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describe gills and how gills are ventilated
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operculum
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name the type of excretory organ and excretory waste product in fish
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kidneys; ammonia
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explain how cartilaginous fish, marine bony fish, freshwater bony fish osmoregulate
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make them isotonic to their marine environment---have urea in their bodies
gain salts and lose water-hypotonic to the environment--produce very small amounts of urine--drink lots of water---get rid of salts over gills lose salts--gain water--hypertonic to environment--dont drink very much--produce lots of urine--get salts over gills |
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single loop circulatory pathway in fish
2 chambered heart |
blood goes from ventricle into gills pick up oxygen---goes into the systemic circuit (very muscular so doesn't have to go back to heart)
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distinguising characteristics of amphibians
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double life
4 appendages stocky girdles lungs or use skin to get gas exchange have to go back to water to reproduce |
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describe amphibian metamorphosis and its function in an amphibians life history
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reduces competiton---dont eat the same things; etc.
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adaptations in fishes for their aquatic environment
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gills
lateral line system paired fins |
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most abundant vertebrates
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osteichthyes
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ectothermy
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cant use metabolism to regulate body temperature
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explain counter-current exchange
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water going in one direction blood going in the other direction
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describe gills and how gills are ventilated
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operculum
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name the type of excretory organ and excretory waste product in fish
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kidneys; ammonia
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explain how cartilaginous fish, marine bony fish, freshwater bony fish osmoregulate
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make them isotonic to their marine environment---have urea in their bodies
gain salts and lose water-hypotonic to the environment--produce very small amounts of urine--drink lots of water---get rid of salts over gills lose salts--gain water--hypertonic to environment--dont drink very much--produce lots of urine--get salts over gills |
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single loop circulatory pathway in fish
2 chambered heart |
blood goes from ventricle into gills pick up oxygen---goes into the systemic circuit (very muscular so doesn't have to go back to heart)
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distinguising characteristics of amphibians
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double life
4 appendages stocky girdles lungs or use skin to get gas exchange have to go back to water to reproduce |
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describe amphibian metamorphosis and its function in an amphibians life history
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reduces competiton---dont eat the same things; etc.
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how do amphibians regulate their body temperature
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ectothermic
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amphibian circulation
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3 chambered heart
mixing of blood? ventricles |
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amphibian excretion
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urea
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adaptations for amphibians for land living
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torper
long tongues (sticky pad) girdles (pelvic) |
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3 orders of amphibians
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bkadkasdflkasdjfkajsdkaskdj
kjsdkfjkjasfjlkasdfjkdjfkasdfkasd adjfsdkfajsdflksadflksdkfk ya didn't catch that |
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explain origin of the amniotes?
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amphibians that are amniotes
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list reptilian adaptations for a terrestrial environment
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-amniotic egg
-camoflauge -lungs -skin prevents water loss-scaly skin with keratin |
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describe gas exchange in reptiles
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behaviorally regulate temperature
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do birds have teeth?
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no
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how do birds break up their food>
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gizzard
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name the excretory product of birds
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uric acid
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discuss the origin of mammals
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evolved from reptilian stock
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characteristics of mammals that distinguish them
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-parental care
-mammary glands -hair -endothermic |
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hair functions
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-camoflauge
-insulation -protection |
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Lysosomal enzymes originate as proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but are modified and packaged in the
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golgi apparatus
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a cell cycle consists of
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interphase and mitosis
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Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes?
-One gene includes many DNA molecules that collectively makeup a chromosome -DNA is made of chromosomes which code for genes -a chromosome is located on a gene which contains DNA -Genes are composed of DNA and form a linear array along a chromosome -Genes are composed of many chromosomes that are formed by DNA |
Genes are composed of DNA and form a linear array along a chromosome
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Which of the following processes occurs in the mitochondria?
-CO2+H20+light----->carbs+O2 -carbs+02--->CO2+H20+ATP -DNA---->RNA--->protein -ATP---->ADP+P+energy -carbs+CO2--->O2+H20+ATP |
carbs+O2--->CO2+H20+ATP
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Based upon your knowledge of cell structure, cell transport, and cell division, which of the following processes would probably NOT require cellular energy input i the form of ATP?
-exocytosis -active transport -protein synthesis -chromosome movement during cell division -osmosis |
osmosis
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All of the following are characteristic of science EXCEPT?
-concerned with observation or accumulated data -it is objective -requires a hypothesis -generation of falsifiable statements -unchangeable facts |
unchangeable facts
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of animals?
-individual animals evolve during the course of their lifetime -genetic instructions are coded by DNA molecules -energy is required to maintain organization -respond to stimuli in the environment -composed of cells |
individual animals evolve during the course of their life time
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What happens to a cell during interphase?
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the cell grows in size and carries on metabolism
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Which of the following cell components is NOT directly involved in synthesis or secretion?
-rough endoplasmic reticulum -lysosome -golgi apparatus -smooth endoplasmic reticulum -ribosomes |
lysosome
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A cancer researcher cultured some HeLa cells in a test tube and then centrifuged the mixture (spun it using centrifugal force). Some "bodies" sedimented to the bottom of the test tube. They were membraneous in structure containing their own circular DNA and ribosomes. The "bodies" are most likely
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mitochondria
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The lizard has experienced a blood loss which resulted in a drop in blood pressure which could be life threatening if not corrected. Various organs in the body help restore blood pressure to normal as a response to hormones. This example illustrates ______, animals responding to their environment and then adjusting their internal physiology to maintain a state of balance
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homeostasis
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The process illustrated by the neurotransmitter leaving the presynaptic end bulb of the neuron is called
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exocytosis
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Two species belonging to the same phylum must also belong to the same
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kingdom
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Where would you find membrane-bound ribosomes?
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cytoplasmic surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
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When cells divide mitotically they lose their normal shape and become more rounded. Based upping what you know about cellular structure, what do you hypothesize is responsible for the loss of cell shape during cell division?
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breakdown or dissolution of the cytoskeleton
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If the cell were to complete mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?
-spindle fiber formation -DNA synthesis -disappearance of the nucleolus -centromere uncoupling and migration of sister chromatids to poles -breakdown of nuclear envleope |
centromere uncoupling and migration of sister chromatids to poles
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An animal cell had a mutation that prevented actin filaments from forming. Which of the following processes would NOT occur?
-cellular respiration -DNA replication -cleavage furrow formation -mitosis -protein synthesis |
cleavage furrow formation
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Horses have a diploid number of 64 chromosomes. How many CHROMATIDS would each horse cell have at metaphase
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128
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The diagram (above) shows small molecules moving through a large channel of the plasma membrane. What kind of macromolecule forms this channel?
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protein
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The unicellular microbe, Sulfolobus, was discovered in samples taken from sulfur hot springs having temperatures of 98 degrees C and a pH of 3 or lower. Based on this information, Sulfolobus would most likely be classified in
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Domain Archeae
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Cancer cells are considered metastatic when they
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migrate or spread to other tissues
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Which of the following is NOT true of cholesterol in plasma membranes?
-It is primarily found in animal cell membranes -it assists with the removal of hydrogen atoms from phospholipid molecules -It is located in the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes -It stabilizes the membrane when the temperature increases -It enables the membrane to stay more fluid when the temperature drops |
It assists with the removal of hydrogen atoms from phospholipid molecules
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At what checkpoint during the cell cycle does apoptosis occur if the cell DNA is damaged beyond repair?
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g1
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which of the following would NOT be a component of the cytoskeleton network?
-plasma membrane -tubulin- -actin -intermediate filaments -microtubules |
plasma membrane
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which of the following features is common to prokaryotes?
-mitochondria -plasma membrane -a nucleus, with a nuclear envelope and pores -DNA -more than one of the above is correct |
more than one of the above is correct
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a frog whose skin is permeable to both water and salt, is placed in an aquatic environment which is hypoosmotic to its bod fluids. Which of the following statements is true?
-the frog will lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion -the frog will gain water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion -the frog will gain water by osmosis and lose salt by diffusion -the frog will lose water by osmosis and lose salt by diffusion -the frog will gain water by osmosis and lose salt by active transport |
the frog will gain water by osmosis and lose salt by diffusion
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which of the following provides a reasonable explanation for the observation that eukaryotic cells are typically larger than prokaryotic cells?
-their internal membrane system allows compartmentalization of functions and extra surface area for nutrient exchange and placement of enzymes -they have a cytoskeleton composed of several different fibers and protein types -they have more chromosomes and a mitotic process of cell division -eukaryotic cell plasma membrane have more control over the movement of material into the cell -their DNA is localized in the nucleus, whereas protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, separating these competing functions |
their internal membrane system allows compartmentalization of functions and extra surface area for nutrient exchange and placement of enzymes
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carrier molecules in the plasma member are required for...
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both active transport and facilitated diffusion
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which of the following plasma membrane molecules is found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and used specifically for cell to cell recognition?
-proteins -phospholipids -cholesterol -carbohydrates -nucleic acids |
proteins
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if electron micrographs consistently show that the cells of a specific animal tissue contain a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, what could one conclude about the function of these cells?
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the cells from this tissue are involved in detoxification of poisonous compounds
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which of the following levels of the structural hierarchy of organization in living organizations is the least inclusive?
-organ system -organ -population -organism -tissue |
tissue
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following DNA replication, the identical copies of the DNA strand are referred to as ______ and are tightly associated at the _______.
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sister chromatids; centromere
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the cytoskeleton is a dynamic, three-dimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm and provides for cell motility as well as cell stability. which of the cytoskeletal structure are the least dynamic (more fixed) and provide the majority of structural support for the cell?
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intermediate filaments
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which of the following cell types would have the shortest cell cycles?
-human nerve cells -chimpanzee bone cells -fruit fly embryonic cells -mouse intestinal cells -snake muscle cells |
human nerve cells
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during mitosis, the chromatin condenses or coils for form individual chromosomes. which of the following processes is facilitated by this compaction?
-the orderly distribution of genetic material to two new daughter cells -the replication of DNA -the transcription of DNA the disappearance of the nuclear envelope -exposing genetic information on the DNA molecule |
the orderly distribution of genetic material to two new daughter cells
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during which phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes consist of only one chromatid?
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from anaphase through the G1 phase
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which of the following processes could results in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated inside the cell than in the external environment surrounding the cell?
-active transport -facilitated diffusion -diffusion -osmosis -none of the above are correct |
active transport
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what would most likely result if mitosis was not accompanied by cytoplasmic division?
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one cell with two identical nuclei
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in individuals with tay-sachs disease, the lysosomes are lacking a functional enzyme that digests which of the following classes of macromolecules?
-lipids -proteins -carbohydrates -nucleic acids -nitrogenous bases |
lipids
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the folds, invaginations, or extensions found in many cells or other animal structures results in...
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increased surface area for absorption or exchange
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the illustration above (lake/pond) depicts a _______, all the living and non living components of a particular geographical area.
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ecosystem
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