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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which two organ systems participate in communication?
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Nervous System
Sensory System |
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Which organ system provides support and movement?
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Musculoskeletal System
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Which organ systems help to maintain the body's chemistry?
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The Digestive System
Endocrine System Circulatory System Respiratory System Urinary System |
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Which organ systems assist in defense?
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Integumentary System
Immune System |
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Which organ system is responsible for reproduction and development?
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Reproduction System
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What does the vertebrate body use to maintain internal constancy?
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Negative Feedback
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What does the brain compare incoming information to?
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Set Point
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What structure detects changes in body temperature?
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Hypothalamus
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What are the three groups of heterotrophs?
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Herbivores
Carnivores Omnivores |
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Where does chemical digestion begin in vertebrates?
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Mouth: saliva
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Intracellular Digestion
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Digestion takes place within the cytoplasm of cells. Only found in single-celled organisms and porifera.
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Extracellular Digestion
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Digestion takes place within a digestive cavity. Found in most multi-cellular organisms.
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What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
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Mucosa: epithelium that lines the interior, or lumen, of the tract; produces mucous
Submucosa: connects mucosa and muscularis Muscularis: double layer of smooth muscles Serosa: epithlium that covers the external surface of the tract |
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What are the three accessory organs to digestion? And what are their functions in relation to digestion?
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Liver: produces bile and filters the blood
Gallbladder: concentrates and stores bile Pancreas: produces pancreatic juice and bicarbonate buffer |
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What are the two chamber of a birds stomach? And what are their functions?
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Proventriculis: glandular part
Ventriculus(Gizzard): muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food |
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What is the purpose of the crop in birds?
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Food storage. No digestion takes place in the crop.
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Bolus
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Processed lump of food
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Peristalsis
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Wave-length contractions in the esophagus that force food down to the stomach
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What are two characteristics of the stomach?
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1. Convoluted surface allowing expansion
2. Extra layer of smooth muscles to mix food with gastric juices |
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What are the types of secretory cells in the stomach? And what are their functions?
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Parietal Cells: secretes HCl
Cheif Cells: secretes pepsinogen; for digesting proteins |
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Chyme
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Mix of gastric juices and food
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What are the three divisions of the small intestine?
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Duodenum
Jejenum Ileum |
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Where are villi and microvilli found and what is their purpose?
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They can be found in the small intestine and their purpose is to increase the effectiveness of absorption.
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Which enzyme do many adults lack that makes them lactose intolerant?
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Lactase
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What are the four enzymes found in the pancreas and what do they digest?
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Trypsin:proteins
Chymotrypsin: proteins Pancreatic Amylase: starch Lipase: fat |
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What two substances does the liver secrete? And what are their purposes?
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Bile Pigments: waste products
Bile Salts: catalyze the breakdown of fats |
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What are the four chambers in a Ruminant stomach?
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Rumen: contains cellulose degrading microbes
Reticulum: Omasum: Abomasum: |
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Where do non-ruminant herbivores digest cellulose?
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Cecum
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Caprophagy
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Eating fecal material to obtain nutrients on the second pass.
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What substance is necessary for clotting and where most birds and mammals obtain it?
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Vitamin K. Mammals have internal bacteria that produce Vitamin K. Birds must obtain it from outside sources.
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Briefly describe the whole digestion process.
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Mouth: chemical digestion starts to take place
Esophagus: delivers food to stomach Stomach(chambers?): proteins start to be digested Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum. Major absorption takes place. Cecum: small, big, paired, none? Large Intestine: colon and rectum. Waste material Anus |
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What and where does the duodenum receive?
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Chyme: from the stomach
Enzymes and Bicarbonate: from the pancreas Bile: from the liver and gallbladder |
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Rectum
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Where compacted feces are stored before being eliminated through the anus.
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What are the two classes of Leukocytes?
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Granular
Non-Granular |
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What are the three types of Granular Leukocytes and what are their functions?
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Neutrophils: phagocytic
Eosinophils: inflammatory response Basophils: ? |
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What are the four types of Agranular Leukocytes? And what are their functions?
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B Lymphocytes: form antibodies
T Lymphocytes: alert cells Monocytes: phagocytic in blood Macrophages: phagocytic in tissues |
