Zoology Exam #3 Part 2

Front 1

Four Levels of Cellular Organization

Back 1

1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ Systems

Front 2

Tissues

Back 2

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Front 3

Organs

Back 3

A group of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit.

Front 4

Organ Systems

Back 4

Groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major bodily functions.

Front 5

How many organ systems do vertebrates have?

Back 5

11

Front 6

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 6

Within the skull and vertebrate

Front 7

Ventral Body Cavity

Back 7

Bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column

Front 8

Thoracic Cavity

Back 8

Contain lungs and heart

Front 9

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 9

Contains most organs

Front 10

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 10

Ceolomic space

Front 11

Pericardial Cavity

Back 11

Around the heart

Front 12

Pleural Cavity

Back 12

Around the lungs

Front 13

Four Primary Tissues

Back 13

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nerve

Front 14

Epithelium

Back 14

Epithelial membrane that covers every surface of the vertebrate body

Front 15

Basal Surface

Back 15

Secured side

Front 16

Apical Surface

Back 16

Free side

Front 17

Five Characteristics of the Epithelial Membrane

Back 17

1. Can come from any of the three germ layers
2. Provides a protective barrier
3. Can regenerate very quickly
4. Connects to underlying tissues by a fibrous membrane
5. Has inherent polarity

Front 18

Three types of exocrine glands

Back 18

Sweat
Sebaceous
Salivary

Front 19

Endocrine Glands

Back 19

Secrete hormones into the blood

Front 20

What are the four types of epithelial tissues and what forms do they take?

Back 20

Squamos: flat
Cuboidal: cube-shaped
Columnar: cylinder-shaped
Pseudo Stratified: not uniform

Front 21

What are the two classes of epithelial tissues?

Back 21

Simple: one layer
Stratified: multiple layers

Front 22

Muscle Tissues are...

Back 22

the motors of the vertebrate body

Front 23

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 23

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

Front 24

Smooth Muscle

Back 24

Found in the walls of blood vessels and visceral organs and only has one nucleus

Front 25

Three Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles

Back 25

Attach bone to tendons
Have multiple Nucleii
Contract by means of Myofibrils

Front 26

Cardiac Muscle

Back 26

Has a single nucleus and is connected through intercalated disks which allows them to form as a single functioning unit.

Front 27

Three Parts of a Neuron

Back 27

Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon

Front 28

Nueroglia

Back 28

Support and insulate axons and with help from the axon secretes the myelin sheath

Front 29

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 29

Gaps in the myelin sheath that accelerate the electrical nerve impulses

Front 30

Two Division of the Nervous System and functions

Back 30

Central Nervous System: receives and interprets information
Peripheral Nervous System: communicates info to the brain and signals back out to the body

Front 31

Two Classes of Connective Tissue and Sub Types

Back 31

Connective Tissue Proper: loose or dense
Special Connective Tissue: cartilage, bone, blood

Front 32

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

Back 32

Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect muscle to bone.

Front 33

Where can adipose cells be found and what are their functions?

Back 33

They can be found in loose connective tissue and in adipose tissue.
1. Energy Storage
2. Cushioning
3. Insulation

Front 34

Matrix

Back 34

Extracellular material found in connective tissue. Ex: plasma. It contains protein fibers and ground substance.

Front 35

Ground Substance

Back 35

The fluid material and fibers between cells in connective tissue.

Front 36

Where is loose connective tissue found?

Back 36

Beneath the skin and between organs

Front 37

What supports loose connective tissue? And what gives it its elasticity?

Back 37

Collagen supports loose connective tissue and forms a meshwork called elastin that makes it elastic.

Front 38

What are the two types of dense connective tissue? And where can each be found?

Back 38

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: forms a rope-like structure(tendons and ligaments)
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: a protective layer that covers the kidneys, liver, and other structures.

Front 39

What are the three types of Special Connective Tissue?

Back 39

Bone
Blood
Cartilage

Front 40

Cartilage

Back 40

The ground substance is made from characteristic glycoprotein called chondroitin. Collagen fibers lay parallel.

Front 41

Where can cartilage be found?

Back 41

In between joints. ears, nose, and tracheal rings.

Front 42

What are the functions of cartilage?

Back 42

Flexible Support
Shock Absorption
Reduction of Friction

Front 43

Chondrocytes

Back 43

Cartilage cells that live in spaces in the ground substance called lacunae.

Front 44

What is the extracellular material in bones?

Back 44

Crystallized Calcium Phosphate

Front 45

What are bone cells called? And how do they communicate with each other and the blood vessels?

Back 45

Osteocytes. Communicate through Canaliculi

Front 46

What are the functions of bone?

Back 46

1. Protect internal organs
2. Provide support for muscle attachment

Front 47

What is the extracellular material in blood?

Back 47

Plasma

Front 48

What are the three types of blood cells? And what are their functions?

Back 48

Erythrocytes: red blood cells; carry oxygen to the body
Leukocytes: white blood cells; fight infection
Thrombocytes: platelets; blood clotting