Zoology Exam #2

Front 1

What kind of coelom do annelids have?

Back 1

True coeloms (coelomates)

Front 2

What is metamerism?

Back 2

Segmentation - serially repeated units divided by septa

Front 3

How does metamerism increase independence of annelids?

Back 3

Each segment has its own circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and excretory structures,

Allows for localized movement

Front 4

What are metameres?

Back 4

Individual segments

Front 5

What are setae?

Back 5

Hair-like structures that prevent annelids from slipping backwards

Front 6

What is mesentery?

Back 6

A fold of tissue that helps divide metameres

Front 7

What are septa?

Back 7

A structure that divides metameres down the middle

Front 8

What are the two parts of the annelid head?

Back 8

Prostomium and peristomium

Front 9

What are the main parts of the annelid prostomium?

Back 9

Eyes, sensory palps, and antennae

Front 10

Where is the peristomium?

Back 10

It surrounds the pharynx

Front 11

What is the pygidium?

Back 11

The posterior end of annelids where new segments form directly behind

Front 12

What is unique about the annelid excretory system?

Back 12

It is segmented

Front 13

What kind of circulatory system do annelids have?

Back 13

Closed

Front 14

How are the blood vessels in annelids arranged?

Back 14

Dorsal and ventral blood vessels that penetrate segments

Front 15

How is the annelid digestive system arranged?

Back 15

One long tube that penetrates segments

Front 16

How is the annelid nervous system arranged?

Back 16

Cerebral ganglia and ganglia in each segment in addition to a central nerve cord and giant axons

Front 17

What is annelid movement like?

Back 17

Peristaltic or undulations

Front 18

Where do annelids live?

Back 18

Marine, freshwater, and moist soils

Front 19

How do annelids eat?

Back 19

Detritivores, particle feeders, predators, bloodsuckers

Front 20

What are the general characteristics of class Errantia?

Back 20

Used to be class Polychaeta ("many bristles/setae"), mostly marine

Front 21

What are unique features of class Errantia?

Back 21

Well-defined head, parapodia for movement and respiration, and no permanent sex organs

Front 22

What is the unique reproduction system of class Errantia?

Back 22

Temporary gonads formed in peritoneum, gametes travel out through nephridia and fertilization is external (dioecious)

Front 23

In class Sedentaria, the traits are associated with evolution back to ______ life.

Back 23

Sedentary

Front 24

What are examples of class Sedentaria?

Back 24

Fan worms, Christmas tree worms

Front 25

What class does clade Sibonglinidae belong to?

Back 25

Sedentaria

Front 26

What does clade Siboglinidae lack compared to other annelids?

Back 26

Mouth and digestive tract

Front 27

Where does clade Siboglinidae live?

Back 27

Deep ocean

Front 28

How does class Siboglinidae gain energy?

Back 28

From endosymbiotic bacteria that oxidize hydrogen sulfide; held in trophosome

Front 29

What is the main example of Order Clitellata?

Back 29

Earthworms

Front 30

What is the organization of the Clitellata digestive system?

Back 30

Esophagus --> crop --> gizzard --> intestine

Front 31

What is the ecological importance of order Clitellata?

Back 31

"Intestines of the soil" - critical of nutrient cycle in soil

Front 32

Order Clitellata can have a huge impact as ______.

Back 32

An invasive species

Front 33

What is the main example of family Hirudinidae?

Back 33

Leeches

Front 34

What are the unique features of family Hirudinidae?

Back 34

Anterior and posterior suckers; no setae or parapodium; segmented, but generally no septa

Front 35

What are the main bloodsucking adaptations of family Hirudinidae?

Back 35

Proboscis/muscular pharynx w/ 3 jaws; saliva gland produces anticoagulant; can take in several times body weight; lacks digestive enzymes, rely on bacteria

Front 36

What is the general ecology of Nematoda?

Back 36

Found in every ecosystem; free living and parasitic; used as biological control

Front 37

What nematode is used as a model organism?

Back 37

C. elegans

Front 38

What kind of coelom do nematodes have?

Back 38

Pseudocoelom (hydrostatic skeleton)

Front 39

What are the properties of the nematode cuticle?

Back 39

Made of collagen; contains body's high hydrostatic pressure

Front 40

What muscles do nematodes lack?

Back 40

Circular muscles - relies on elasticity of cuticle

Front 41

What kind of digestion system do nematodes have?

Back 41

Poorly muscularized, complete system

Front 42

Nematode intestinal walls consist of how many cell layers?

Back 42

Only one

Front 43

How does nematode defecation work?

Back 43

Relies on hydrostatic pressure

Front 44

What kind of metabolism do nematodes have?

Back 44

Aerobic and anaerobic

Front 45

What systems do nematodes lack?

Back 45

Nervous, respiratory, or circulatory

Front 46

What are the characteristics of nematode reproduction?

Back 46

Most dioecious; males have a spicule to aid in insemination, and sperm cells are amoeboid

Front 47

What is the real name of the large roundworm?

Back 47

Ascaris

Front 48

What is the reproduction cycle in Ascaris?

Back 48

Eggs in feces; ingested eggs hatch, juvenile develop in lungs (pneumonia); adults migrate to small intestine to lay eggs (200,000 eggs a day)

Front 49

What is the main characteristic of hookworms?

Back 49

Adults have hook-shaped attachment to intestinal wall

Front 50

What is the reproductive cycle of hookworms?

Back 50

Eggs in feces; juveniles hatch in soil, burrow into contacted skin

Front 51

What disease does Trichinella cause?

Back 51

Trichinosis

Front 52

What is the reproductive cycle of Trichinella?

Back 52

Adults in small intestine; juveniles penetrate blood vessels, found in all tissues; penetrate skeletal muscle cells and control gene expression to become nurse cell; meat eaten with juveniles; juveniles mature in consumers intestine

Front 53

What is the most common worm parasite in the US?

Back 53

Pinworms

Front 54

What is the reproductive cycle of pinworms?

Back 54

Adults found in large intestine; migrate to anus at night and lay eggs; ingested eggs hatch in intestine and develop into adults

Front 55

What causes river blindness, elephantiasis, and dog heartworm?

Back 55

Filarial worms

Front 56

What is the reproductive cycle of filarial worms?

Back 56

Adults reside in lymphatic system; insect is intermediate host (ex. mosquito)

Front 57

What kind of coelom do mollusks have?

Back 57

True coelomates

Front 58

What is the mesentery?

Back 58

Fold of tissue which supports and organizes organs

Front 59

How many extant species of mollusks are there?

Back 59

Over 90,000 - a very diverse group

Front 60

What is the general body plan of mollusks?

Back 60

Head and foot

Front 61

How do mollusks generally feed?

Back 61

Mouth and radula

Front 62

How do mollusks generally move?

Back 62

Waves of muscle contractions in foot, has evolved many different forms and functions

Front 63

What kind of circulatory system do most mollusks have (besides cephalopods)?

Back 63

Open system with heart, sinuses and veins

Front 64

What kind of respiratory system do mollusks generally have?

Back 64

Gills or lungs, respiratory pigments in blood

Front 65

What kind of excretion system do mollusks generally have?

Back 65

A pair of kidneys (metanephridia) with ducts that also transport eggs and sperm

Front 66

Are mollusks monoecious or dioecious?

Back 66

Dioecious

Front 67

What kind of nervous system do most mollusks have?

Back 67

Several ganglia with nerve cords

Front 68

What is the mantle in mollusks?

Back 68

Sheath of skin on dorsal side

Front 69

What is the purpose of the mantle in mollusks?

Back 69

The overhanging folds creates cavities; the outer surface secretes calcium carbonate shell

Front 70

What are the two larval stages of mollusks?

Back 70

Trochophore and veliger

Front 71

What are the general characteristics of classes Caudofoveata and Solengastres?

Back 71

Worm-like and shell-less with calcareous scales; probably presents ancestral mollusk conditions; associated with marine sediment

Front 72

What is the common name of class Polyplacophora?

Back 72

Chitons

Front 73

What are the general characteristics of class Polyplacophora?

Back 73

7-8 dorsal plates, head-foot mantle design; mantle girdle creates groove for gills

Front 74

What kind of circulatory system do chitons have?

Back 74

Blood pumped by 3-chambered heart

Front 75

What kind of reproduction system do chitons have?

Back 75

Dioecious, may have external or internal fertilization; trochophore larva

Front 76

What are the general characteristics of class Monoplacophora?

Back 76

Single, flat shell; similar body design as chitons; serial repetition of nephridia, gonads, and gills

Front 77

What are examples of class Gastropoda?

Back 77

Snails, Nudibranchs, sea butterflies

Front 78

What is the development of class Gastropoda?

Back 78

Trochophore --> veliger

Front 79

What is torsion?

Back 79

Migration of anus and mantle cavity, both ending up above the head

Front 80

How does respiration in Gastropods work?

Back 80

Gills or vascularized mantle cavity; opening called pneumostome

Front 81

How does the reproduction of Gastropods work?

Back 81

Monoecious or dioecious; exchange spermatophores (bundles of sperm)

Front 82

What Cephalopod has a shell?

Back 82

Nautilus

Front 83

What is the shell like in cuttlefish and squids?

Back 83

Pen - covered by mantle

Front 84

Do octopus have shells?

Back 84

Nope

Front 85

How do cephalopods feed?

Back 85

Capture prey with tentacles; break down prey with beak-like jaw and radula

Front 86

How does respiration/circulation in cephalopods work?

Back 86

Gills in mantle cavity; closed circulatory system with branchial heart

Front 87

What are the characteristics of the nervous system and sensory organs in cephalopods?

Back 87

Most advanced in invertebrates; eye similar to advanced vertebrates

Front 88

What are chromatophores?

Back 88

Pigment cells that can expand and contract to change color

Front 89

How to cephalopods move?

Back 89

Jet propulsion; crawling with tentacles

Front 90

How does reproduction in cephalopods work?

Back 90

Dioecious; males transfer spermatophore into females mantle cavity using tentacle

Front 91

What are the common names of class Scaphopoda?

Back 91

Tusk shells or tooth shells

Front 92

What is the body design of class Scaphopoda?

Back 92

Tubular shell open at both ends; mantle is completely wrapped around viscera and fused to form tube; foot comes out the larger end of tube, and help with burrowing into the sediment

Front 93

What are examples of class Bivalvia?

Back 93

Clams, mussels, scallops, and shipworms

Front 94

What is the ecology of class Bivalvia?

Back 94

Filter feeders

Front 95

What is the body design of class Bivalvia?

Back 95

Lost cephalization, lost radula

Front 96

What is the shell in Bivalvia for?

Back 96

Protection, locomotion, scraping (shipworms)

Front 97

How does filter feeding in Bivalvia work?

Back 97

Gills strain food out, helped by mucus from labial palps; stomach has crystalline style that churns food

Front 98

What is used for Bivalve respiration?

Back 98

Gills

Front 99

What is used for Bivalve locomotion?

Back 99

Foot or shell propulsion (scallops)

Front 100

What are the characteristics of sensory organs in Bivalves?

Back 100

Poorly developed; exception are scallops that have "shell eyes"

Front 101

What is the reproduction and development in Bivalves?

Back 101

Dioecious with internal development; specialized veligers called glochidia that are ectoparasites on fish gills