Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
number of naturally occuring elements
|
90
|
|
|
number of elements found in living organisms in substantial amounts
|
12
|
|
|
four elements that make up 96.3% of humans
|
carbon
hydrogen oxygen nitrogen |
|
|
Ions
|
lost or gained electrons
|
|
|
isotopes
|
different number of neutrons
*unstable isotopes emit radiation=radioactiveisotopes |
|
|
key to chemical behavior of atom
|
number and arrangemnet of its electrons in their orbitals
|
|
|
Bohr Model
|
electrons in discrete orbits
*models you use to draw on paper and show electron activity |
|
|
orbital limit
|
no orbital can contain more than two electrons
|
|
|
how is electrons potential energy determined?
|
electrons farther from nucleus have more energy.
|
|
|
redox reactions
|
when one molecule is oxidized and while another is reduced in the same reaction
|
|
|
ionic bonds
|
formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions
*gain or loss of electrons forms ions |
|
|
covalent bonds
|
when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons
*results in no net charge, no unpaired electrons, satisfies octet rule. |
|
|
single covalent bond
double covalent bond |
shared pair of electrons
i.e. H--H 2 shared pairs (total 4 electrons) i.e. O--O |
|
|
octet rule
|
tend to fill valence shells
2 electrons in first level 8 alllowed in rest of levels |
|
|
electronegativity
|
an atoms tendency to attract electrons and form thus form negative ions
|
|
|
nonpolar coval. bond
|
equal sharing of electrons (equal electronegativity)
|
|
|
polar coval bond
|
unequal sharing of electrons(unequal electronegativity)
|
|
|
chemical reactions
|
formation or breaking of chemical bonds
|
|
|
importance of water
|
life is inextricably(complexy tangled) tied to water
|
|
|
most outstanding chemical property of water
|
ability to form hydrogen bonds
|
|
|
hydrogen bonds
|
bond between partially negative O atoms and the partially postitive H atoms of two water molecules.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2GhcoI0scaQ/TbmEeRWuYoI/AAAAAAAAAOk/ki1-Y2IS17Y/s1600/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.jpg |
|
|
polarity of water
|
bond between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar.
|
|
|
cohesion
|
water molecules stick to other molecules
*hydrogen bonding |
|
|
adhesion
|
water molecules stick to other polar molecules
*hydrogen bonding |
|
|
properties of water
|
-high specific heat
-high heat of vaporization -ice=less dense than liquid H2O -good solvent -organizes nonpolar molecules(i.e. oil) -can form ions |
|
|
acid
|
substance that dissociates in water to increase the H+ (lower pH)
i.e.hydrochloric acid |
|
|
base
|
substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water and lowers H+
i.e. sodium hydroxide |
|
|
buffers
|
-substance that resist changes in pH
-release hydrogen ions when base added -absorbs hydrogen ions when acid added *bicarbonate ion + hydrogen ion |
|
|
framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to:
|
-other carbons
-O,N,S,P,or H *can form up to 4 covalent bonds |
|
|
hydrocarbons
|
molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
*store energy, good for fuel *nonpolar *functional groups attach and add chemical properties (polarity, pH) |
|
|
isomers
|
molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula
|
|
|
monomer
|
small, similar chemical subunits
|
|
|
polymer
|
built by linking monomers.
|
|
|
4 organic macromolecules
|
-carb
-nucleic acids -proteins -lipids |
|
|
dehydration synthesis
|
-formation of large molecules by removal of water
-monomers join to form polymers |
|
|
hydrolysis
|
*opposite of dehydration.
-breakdown of large molecules by addition of water -polymers broken down to monomers |
|
|
carbohydrates
|
-molecules with 1:2:1 ration carbon, hydrogen oxygen.
-good for storing energy |
|
|
simple sugar
|
can have as little as three carbons, but those that are key to energy storage have six
|
|
|
polysaccharides
|
-formed by dehydration synthesis
-plants use starch -animals use glycogen *plants=cellulose *anthropods/fungi+chitin |
|
|
Nucleic acids
-polymer -monomer |
-polymer=nucleic acid
-monomer=nucleotide |
|
|
nucleotide structure
|
sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base=
purines and pyrimidines |
|
|
DNA
|
-encodes info for amino acid sequence of proteins
-double helix (2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds) -A&T -C&G |
|
|
RNA
|
-ribose, not deoxyribose
-A&U -single polynucleotide strand -uses info in DNA sequence amino acids in protein |
|
|
NAD+ & FAD+
|
electron carriers for many cellular reactions
|
|
|
Amino acid structure
|
-amino group
-side chain/R group -carboxyl group -single hydrogen |
|
|
protein function
|
-enzyme cataylsis
-defense -transport -support -motion -regulation -storage |
|
|
formation of peptide bond
|
- amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis=peptide bond
|
|
|
how to determine protein function
|
shape determines function
-primary structure -secondary -tertiary -quaternary |
|
|
chaperones
|
-proteins that help proteins fold correctly
-deficiencies in chaperones=cystic fibrosis |
|
|
denaturation
|
-protein loses structure and function
due to change in -pH -temp -ionic concentration |
|
|
lipids
|
-insoluble in water
-high proportion of nonpolar c-h bonds=hydrophobic |
|
|
fats
|
triglycerides
-composed 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids saturated -no double bonds, high melt. unsat -1 or more double bonds,low melt |
|
|
phospholipids
|
-glycerol
-2 fatty acids -phosphate group |
|
|
micelles
|
lipid molecules with polar head and nonpolar tail
|
|
|
who discovered cells
|
robert hooke
|
|
|
cell thoery
|
-all organisms are composed of cells
-cells are the smallest living things -cells arise only from pre existing cells |
|
|
prok and euk similarities
|
-nucleus where DNA is located
-cytoplasm -ribosomes -plama membrane |
|
|
prokaryotic
|
-simplest organisms
-lack membbrane-bound nucleus -cell wall outside of plasma membrane two domains -archaea & bacteria |
|
|
bacteria cell walls
|
-protect cell, maintain shape, prevent excessice intake or loss of water
-archaea lack peptidoglycan |
|
|
flagella
|
present in some prok cells and used for motion
|
|
|
eukaryotic
|
-posses membrane-bound nucleus
-compartmentalization via endomembrane system -possess cytoskeleton for support |
|
|
ribosomes
|
-cells protein synthesis machine
-free in cytoplasm or associated with intrnal membranes |
|
|
endomembrane system
|
Rough ER
-Smooth ER -Golgi apparatus -Vesicles *fundamental distinctions between euks and proks |
|
|
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
|
-ribosomes attached;give rough look
-synthesis of proteins to be secreted |
|
|
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
-few bound ribosomes
-synthesis, store ca2+, detoxification |
|
|
golgi apparatus
|
-flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
-collects, packages, and distributes molecules synthesized at one location and used at another |
|
|
lysosomes
|
Enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules and destroy cells or foreign matter
|
|
|
microbodies
|
include peroxisome
-oxidize fatty acids |
|
|
vacuoles
|
-central vacuole, contractile vacuole and storage vaculoes
|
|
|
mitochondria
|
-proteins carry out oxidative metabolism
*metabolizes sugar to generate ATP |
|
|
chloroplast
|
-contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
-2 membranes *use light to generate ATP and sugar |
|
|
cytoskeleton
|
network of protein fibers
-support shape of cell -keep organelles in fixed locations -microfilaments(actin) -microtubles -intermediate fibers |
|
|
centrosomes
|
-plants and fungi lack this
-microtubule organizing center |
|
|
cell movement
|
actin filaments
microtubules or both |
|
|
euk cell walls
|
plants and protist
-cellulose fungi -chitin |
|
|
cellular respiration
|
-oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds
- |
|
|
dehydrogenation
|
-loss of hydrogen atom
|
|
|
redox
|
-tranfer of electrons that carry energy with them
|
|
|
NAD+
|
electron carrier
-accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton=NADH -reversible |
|
|
ATP
|
-cells use ATP to drive endergonic reactions
|
|
|
oxidation of glucose
|
-glycolysis
-pyruvate oxidation -krebs cycle -electron transport chain & chemiosmosis |
|
|
glycolysis
|
-converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate
-10 step biochemical pathway -net energy production 2atp 2nadh |
|
|
NADH must be recycled
|
-aerobic respiration
-fermentation |
|
|
pyruvate oxidation
|
-occurs in mitochondria or plasma membrane
3 carbon pyruvate molecule: 1 CO2 1 NADH 1 Acetyl CoA |
|
|
krebs cycle
|
-oxidizes acetyl group from pyruvate
|
|
|
after krebs
|
glucose has been oxidized to
-6 CO2 -4ATP -10NADH -2FADH2 |
|
|
electron transport chain
|
-electrons from NADH & FADH2 are transferred to complexes of the ETC
|
|
|
Chemiosmosis
|
-uses gradient to produce atp
- |
