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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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radial symmetry |
> 2 planes through centre divide body into mirrored halves special form: bi-radial symmetry - 2 planes exactly produce mirrored halves |
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bilateral symmetry |
- right and left mirror halves along sagittal plane - great for forward movement (allows for a head region) |
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Importance of internal spaces, tissue layers, and embryonic development? |
organization of higher animals |
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formal system for naming and classifying living things |
taxonomy |
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characteristic that's most important for organizing animals? |
- morphological traits (form and structure) - these included observations on animal traits such as: morphology, physiology (movement, respiration, reproduction, etc.) - evolution of a species was not considered for taxonomic classification (naming), but this is no longer the case (biotechnology revolution is allowing more precise classification, based on evolution - sequence alignments) |
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why are reproductive communities considered to have genetic cohesiveness (i.e. similarities)? |
interbreeding within communities
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What are physical traits the result of? |
DNA (genetic information) inherited from ancestors
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Define phylogeny |
grouping by ancestry
- sequence comparisons.. to tree diagrams - different from taxonomy which classifies living animals (simpler) based on morphological traits |
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What is a taxon? |
any rank is called a taxon --> kingdom --> phylum --> subphylum --> class .... and more!! |
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What's the purpose of a tree diagram? |
Shows us a timeline of animals and their common ancestor |
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Define clade |
group of organisms hypothesized to have evolved from a common ancestor |
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The process of visualizing animal relationships is helps us.. |
1. infer patterns about evolutionary changes that led to animal's current features 2. make predictions about fossils and complex features 3. make predictions of poorly-studied animals (understand under-studied animals and their impacts on us) -- new drugs could be designed, fight new diseases |
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single-celled eukaryotes; who are they and what special features do they have? |
collection of organisms that includes photosynthetic (autotrophic) and non-photosynthetic (heterotrophic) organisms - lack a cell wall - have at least one motile stage in life cycle - heterotrophs but also include some plant-like members (undergo photosynthesis --> photoheterotrophs) - may have mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic relationships with other organisms - other name: protozoa or protists - no phylogenetic basis, just easy reference |
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photosynthetic organisms |
feed autotrophically (self-feeding), usually using light energy |
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non-photosynthetic organisms |
an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth - feeds heterotrophically - energy from metabolism |
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heterotrophic protozoa |
feed on particles (holozoic) or feed on dissolved organic or inorganic nutrients (saprozoic) |
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pinocytosis |
- cell drinking across the membrane allows saprozoic (dissolved nutrients) feeding - mechanism that permits a type of heterotrophic feeding - occurs at cell membrane |
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saprozoic feeding |
feeding type of heterotrophic protozoa who feed on dissolved nutrients - depends on pinocytosis process |
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holozoic feeding |
feeding type of heterotrophic protozoa who feed on particles - requires complex mechanism - some are dangerous predators - some combine hetero- and autotrophy (energy from light and metabolism) |
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What is phagocytosis? |
Process of cell eating, it's the underlying mechanism that permits a type of heterotrophic feeding (holozoic - feed on particles) |
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phagocytosis in holozoic feeders |
1. food enters at cytostome (mouth) 2. membrane pinches off filled vesicle 3. food particle packaged into phagosome (food vacuole) 4. lysosomes fuse with phagosome and release lysozomal enzymes |
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phagocytosis in amoeba |
A cell wraps around target, creates phagosome as it surrounds it. |
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How is respiration achieved in single-celled organisms? |
Through the transfer of gasses across their cell membranes / skin. |
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How is waste excretion done in protozoa |
Removed across cell membranes, thought some through contractile vacuoles (paramecium) |
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What is the role of contractile vacuoles in paramecium? |
For excretion of water and waste. - they fill with water from cytoplasm - releases water outside the cell - CV's prevent protozoa from taking in too much water, via osmosis, and exploding or 'lysing' - essential to osmoregulation - especially a concern of freshwater organisms, as opposed to marine |
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Methods of locomotion in protozoa that were once primary characterisitcs used to group phyla of protozoans |
1. Flagella 2. Cilia 3. Pseudopodia |
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Water pushed parallel to cell surface; some protozoans have lots of which short in length. |
cilia |
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"false feet" |
pseudopodia |
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Water is pushed parallel to the axis of this structure; it has a propeller-like motion, and protozoans have one or a few which are long in length. |
flagella |
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What's undulipodia? |
A grouping for cilia and flagella, stating that they actually belong in a single group, as they have similar basic structure but differ in size and function. |
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annelida |
earthworms - segmented - no projecting appendages (gets in the way of burrowing) - burrow or tube habitat - move by crawling, burrowing or swimming |
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Name two key physical characteristics about the Phylum Euglenozoa |
- Stiffened cell membrane (scaffolding for cell shape maintenance) - Have one or more flagella |
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T.brucei gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, and T.cruzi all have in common? |
They are of the Phylum Euglenozoa, Genus Trypanosoma, and are all killers that infect vertebrates. |
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African sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis) is caused by which species?? Spell it out on paper. |
T. brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense which use insect vector (Tsetse fly). |
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Chaga's disease is caused by which species? Spell it out on paper. |
T. cruzi which use insect vector (reduviid, the kissing bug) |
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This Protozoan phylum is surrounded by cilia, either all over or in specific parts and have a micronucleus as well as a macronucleus. |
Phylum Ciliophora |
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In protozoans, this structure is permits sexual reproduction in a species, though its genes are never transcribed and it forms macronuclei. |
micronucleus in Phylum Ciliophora |
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In protozoans, this structure is used day-to-day for metabolism, development; and has many many copies of its own genome. |
macronucleus in Phylum Ciliophora |
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life cycle of monocystis lumbrici? |
I don't know. |
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This phylum contains amoeboid organisms, not an amoebozoans. |
Phylum Foraminifera |
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naked and testate amoebas; with some of them having flagellated life cycles; and move/feed using pseudopodia |
Phylum Amoebozoa |
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Cell type for digestion that's embedded in the mesohyle of sponges. |
Archaeocyte |
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Cell type for support that's embedded in the mesohyle of sponges. |
Collencyte (produces collagen) and Sclerocyte (produces spicules) |
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Cell type for protection that's embedded in the mesohyle of sponges. |
Pinacocytes |
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Important cell in sponges for food trapping (suspension feeding) |
Choanocyte (flagellated cells) |
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How do choanocytes in assist in feeding in sponges? |
They create water flow, and food particles in the water gets trapped in their collar, which gets passed to digestive cells for phagocytosis. |
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What structure is responsible for the rigidity of sponges? |
Spicules, due to highly calcerous or siliceous composition. |
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Mesohyle is? |
The skeleton of the sponge; a jelly-like matrix full of collagen and spicules. |
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How can pinacocytes provide protection in sponges? |
They can protect delicate choanocytes by contracting to close pores, limiting flow of water concentrated with too many particulates. |
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Sponges without a skeleton are called? |
Homoscleromorpha |
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A special form of protein produced by the collencytes in sponges (hint: for structural support). |
Spongin, a special form of collagen. |
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Parenchymula is the name of what..? |
Free-swimming ciliated larvae that develop from sexual reproduction in sponges. |
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Name the two kinds of asexual reproduction sponges undergo: |
Bud formation and Regeneration (somatic embryogensis) |
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Define monoecious |
Where the male and female organs is on the same individual. |
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Organ grade of organization |
Specialized cell layers working with other definite cell layers towards a specific function. |
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This class of species extends its pharynx to find prey, excrete digestive enzymes and sucks up the remains. |
Class Turbellaria |
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Another term for gut is.. |
archenteron |
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How many classes are under the clade Neodermata, and what are they?
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Trematoda, Monogeneans, Cestodes |
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I am an endoparasitic worm to vertebrates, with a leaf-like shape, one or more suckers, and more than one host! They call me the "Fluke". |
Class Trematoda |
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I am an ectoparasitic worm to fish, I have posterior hooks and just one host. |
Class Monogenean |
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They call me the "Tapeworm", I'm endoparasitic (you're next), and I have an anterior scolex surrounded with suckers, hooks, and spines. |
Class Cestoda |
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Which Fluke species is dioecious? |
Genus Schistosoma (Blood Flukes), of the Class Trematoda |
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Which Cnidarian is polyp dominant? |
Class Anthozoa |
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Which Cnidarian is medusa dominant? |
Class Cubozoa; deadly |
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S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haemotobium do what in common? |
Cause schistosomiasis in humans |
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Subclass of Digenea with 1-3 hosts. Which is its first intermediate host? Which is its definitive host? |
Snail; Vertebrate |
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Fasciola hepatica is responsible for.. |
Infecting sheep, hence its nickname "Sheep Liver Fluke". It can live in water; and gets eaten by sheep when attached or near vegetation in swamps. |
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Hymenolepis diminuta (exexmplary cestode) |
The rat tapeworm, its definitive host; adult stage develops in rat small intestine; intermediate host are small invertebrates (fleas, beetles) |
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Cestodes have no _____ and absorb nutrients via its _____ |
gut; tegument (greater surface area, greater nutrient absorbing area) |
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Cestodes have an _____ scolex and no _____ |
anterior scolex; sensory organs |
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A proglottid is a _______ in the _______. |
reproductive unit; cestode(s)
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While living in the rat, _____ systems develop first. When the sperm is released, it swims to the __________. 2 worm cross-fertilization is optimal. Self-fertilization is common |
male; gravid proglottid |
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Taenia saginata and Taenia solium are due to the worm class ______. |
(Beef and Pork tapeworms) - cestoda |
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Beetles eat the feces of rats which contain sexually fertilized eggs of cestoda. Which can then develop to _____ stage. The _____ that hatches infects the gut lining of ______ only. The rat then eats the parasitized beetle, which now the ______ can develop to adult in the rat. |
larval; oncosphere; intermediate host; cysticercus |
