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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The flow of air?
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1.air enters through the nose
2.air travels through the nasal chambers 3.then air enters pharynx 4.trachea 5.bronchi 6.bromnchioles 7.alveoli |
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lungs are housed in the?
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The thorasic cavity
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Negative pressure breathing?
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diaphram contracts-causing the throasic cavity to enlarge and air is drwn into the lungs.
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Hemoglobin(what gives blood its red color)
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Respirtory pigment found in all vertebrates and many invertebrates
(irion in the hemoglobin) |
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what happens to air in the lungs
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oxygen diffuses into the plasma(high levels of oxygen hemoglobin loads up)
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What happens in the tissues
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oxygen is used in cell respiration(oxygen diffuses into tissues)plasma level drops and hemoglobin unloads
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What organ monitors co2 levels in the body?
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The BRAIN
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Diffusion of co2 into the plasma causes what changes?
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The ph is changed in which cause the hemoglobin to dump more o2( Bohr Effect)
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define cutaneous respiration?
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Gases diffuse across body surface
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Gilss
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-counter current orientation allows for o2 tranfer
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Define Counter current orientation?
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Where blood and water flow in opposite directions(very efficient for transfer of gases)
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Lungs
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-gases is pumped in and out
-good for terrestrial enviroments when 02 demnads are high (positive pressure Frogs) |
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Positive pressure is?
The more sub units in the lungs the -----the surface area is for diffusion) |
a breathing syestem where 02 is forced in the lungs
-higher |
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Many Arthropods have a trachea syestem to?
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Deliver oxygen directly to cells
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define circulatory syestem?
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blood travels throughout the body, delivery o2 and nutrients
-collects nitrogenous waste and carbon dixoide |
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Open syestem
Colsed syestem |
-Insects hemolymph
-blodd is always inside a vessel |
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Vertebrate circulatory syestem
hearts? Veins? arteries? capillaries? |
-Heart is used to pump blood
-Veins carry blodd backk to the heart -Arteries take oxygen riched blood leaving the heart and branch into smaller arterioles -capillaries small vessels ,close to all cells(can be closed off with smooth muscle |
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which are thicker arteries or veins?
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Arteries are thicker because they are exposed to higher blood pressure.
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what is true about veins.
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-they are under low blood pressure,
-blood in veins are driven back to the heart by one way valves and muscle |
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The artrium?
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The chamber of the heart that collects blood returning into tthe heart
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Ventricle (Force)
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-takes blood from atrium and forcfuly contrcts sending blood throughout the body.
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fish have a ----chambered heart?Some characteristics of the syestem?
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2
-heart-gills-body -heart |
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Amphibians and reptile have a -----chambered herat?
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3
-herat-lungs-heart-body-heart (pulmonary circuit) (Syestamatic syestem) |
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Frogs right atrium recieves blood from the body in -------
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low 02 and high 02
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left artium recieves blood from ------
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lungs high 02 and low 02
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birds and mamals have -- chambers in the herat?
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4
-there isa no mixing of oxgenated blood and deoxgenated blood |
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AV valves are found where in the heart/
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-inbetween the artium and the ventricle
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Semilunar valves are found where ?
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between the ventricle and the arteries
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Systemic circuit?
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-blood flow from left ventricle to the aorta
-vessels come off the aortic arch and supply the head and forelimbs blood -blood flows through vessels into smaller capillary beds were 02 is released and c02 is absorbed -blood into large vessels (venules and veins)and flow into the VENA CAVE back to the heart (RIGHT ATRIUM) |
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What organ monitors co2 levels in the body?
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The BRAIN
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Diffusion of co2 into the plasma causes what changes?
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The ph is changed in which cause the hemoglobin to dump more o2( Bohr Effect)
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define cutaneous respiration?
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Gases diffuse across body surface
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Gilss
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-counter current orientation allows for o2 tranfer
|
|
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Define Counter current orientation?
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Where blood and water flow in opposite directions(very efficient for transfer of gases)
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Lungs
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-gases is pumped in and out
-good for terrestrial enviroments when 02 demnads are high (positive pressure Frogs) |
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Positive pressure is?
The more sub units in the lungs the -----the surface area is for diffusion) |
a breathing syestem where 02 is forced in the lungs
-higher |
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Many Arthropods have a trachea syestem to?
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Deliver oxygen directly to cells
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Blood flows in what direction from what part into what ? |
Blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta
(vessels coming of aortic arch supply blood to forelimbs and brain |
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
main idea is? |
Blood travels through capilarry beds were C02 is ABSORBED and O2 is RELEASED
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT flows into -----
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-veins and larger venules and flows into the VENA CAVE back to the RT ATRIUM
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Pulmonary CIRCUIT?
blood flows from? |
-The right Ventricle into Pulmonary Arteries.
-Blood flows into capilarry beds and ABSORBS O2 and Realeases CO2 -Oxygenated blood flows in PULMONARY vein that lead back to the left ATRIUM |
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BLOOD
Three main components of blood ? |
1Plasma-water/proteins elctrolytes,glucose annd dissolved gases.
2.cells, ERYTHROCYTES red blood cells containing iron riched blood hemoglobin they have no nucleus some nucleated RBC's -Leukocytes white blood cells phagocytize dead and invading cells. 3cell fragments -plateletes and throbocytes (piched off white blood cells uses is clotting -find damaged cells and activate Thrombin |
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Thrombin chages what/
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fibrinogen into fibrin which net captures blood cells and forms a clot
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Lymphatic syestem?
what type of syestem |
a syestem of blind end tubes that empty blood back into veins in the neck
-lymphatic syestem is returning any fluid that leaked out of circulatory syestem |
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Lymphatic syestem other roles?
Lacteals are associated with what? |
-Immunity white blood cells lymphoclytes are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection
--digestion lacteals absorb fats in the intestine |
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NERVOUS SYESTEM
Neuron glial cells sensory neuron receptors |
-transmits electrical impulses
-epithelial support cells of neurons -sensory neuron recieve a signal the from sensory receptor and send in to the brain -receptors(cones rods pressure receptors)reat to enviroment and stimultae sensory neurons. |
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cell to cell interaction is what type of reaction?
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-chemical
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Sensory neurons
Interneurons Motor neurons |
send impulse from sensory receptor toward the brain
-transmit the signal from one sensory neuron to the next -motor neurons transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber |
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A signals path
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Receptor
Sensory Neuron interneurons -Motor neuron(gland muslcle Fiber) - |
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The name of a signal that travels along neurons as an electrical impulse is ---
the interaction between cells is called a ---- |
-a Action Potential
-neurotransmitter |
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Resting Potential is when?
The membrane is permable to what ? |
The enzymes of the membrane of the neuron created a differnce of ions concentration of in and outside the cell
-Permeable to K but not NA and cl |
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Sodium Potassium Pump uses what to diffuse na inside the cell and K outside they cell
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-ATP
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Blood flows in what direction from what part into what ? |
Blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta
(vessels coming of aortic arch supply blood to forelimbs and brain |
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
main idea is? |
Blood travels through capilarry beds were C02 is ABSORBED and O2 is RELEASED
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT flows into -----
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-veins and larger venules and flows into the VENA CAVE back to the RT ATRIUM
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Pulmonary CIRCUIT?
blood flows from? |
-The right Ventricle into Pulmonary Arteries.
-Blood flows into capilarry beds and ABSORBS O2 and Realeases CO2 -Oxygenated blood flows in PULMONARY vein that lead back to the left ATRIUM |
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BLOOD
Three main components of blood ? |
1Plasma-water/proteins elctrolytes,glucose annd dissolved gases.
2.cells, ERYTHROCYTES red blood cells containing iron riched blood hemoglobin they have no nucleus some nucleated RBC's -Leukocytes white blood cells phagocytize dead and invading cells. 3cell fragments -plateletes and throbocytes (piched off white blood cells uses is clotting -find damaged cells and activate Thrombin |
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Thrombin chages what/
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fibrinogen into fibrin which net captures blood cells and forms a clot
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Lymphatic syestem?
what type of syestem |
a syestem of blind end tubes that empty blood back into veins in the neck
-lymphatic syestem is returning any fluid that leaked out of circulatory syestem |
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Lymphatic syestem other roles?
Lacteals are associated with what? |
-Immunity white blood cells lymphoclytes are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection
--digestion lacteals absorb fats in the intestine |
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NERVOUS SYESTEM
Neuron glial cells sensory neuron receptors |
-transmits electrical impulses
-epithelial support cells of neurons -sensory neuron recieve a signal the from sensory receptor and send in to the brain -receptors(cones rods pressure receptors)reat to enviroment and stimultae sensory neurons. |
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cell to cell interaction is what type of reaction?
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-chemical
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Sensory neurons
Interneurons Motor neurons |
send impulse from sensory receptor toward the brain
-transmit the signal from one sensory neuron to the next -motor neurons transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber |
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A signals path
|
Receptor
Sensory Neuron interneurons -Motor neuron(gland muslcle Fiber) - |
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|
The name of a signal that travels along neurons as an electrical impulse is ---
the interaction between cells is called a ---- |
-a Action Potential
-neurotransmitter |
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Resting Potential is when?
The membrane is permable to what ? |
The enzymes of the membrane of the neuron created a differnce of ions concentration of in and outside the cell
-Permeable to K but not NA and cl |
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|
Sodium Potassium Pump uses what to diffuse na inside the cell and K outside they cell
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-ATP
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|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Blood flows in what direction from what part into what ? |
Blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta
(vessels coming of aortic arch supply blood to forelimbs and brain |
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
main idea is? |
Blood travels through capilarry beds were C02 is ABSORBED and O2 is RELEASED
|
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT flows into -----
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-veins and larger venules and flows into the VENA CAVE back to the RT ATRIUM
|
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|
Pulmonary CIRCUIT?
blood flows from? |
-The right Ventricle into Pulmonary Arteries.
-Blood flows into capilarry beds and ABSORBS O2 and Realeases CO2 -Oxygenated blood flows in PULMONARY vein that lead back to the left ATRIUM |
|
|
BLOOD
Three main components of blood ? |
1Plasma-water/proteins elctrolytes,glucose annd dissolved gases.
2.cells, ERYTHROCYTES red blood cells containing iron riched blood hemoglobin they have no nucleus some nucleated RBC's -Leukocytes white blood cells phagocytize dead and invading cells. 3cell fragments -plateletes and throbocytes (piched off white blood cells uses is clotting -find damaged cells and activate Thrombin |
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Thrombin chages what/
|
fibrinogen into fibrin which net captures blood cells and forms a clot
|
|
|
Lymphatic syestem?
what type of syestem |
a syestem of blind end tubes that empty blood back into veins in the neck
-lymphatic syestem is returning any fluid that leaked out of circulatory syestem |
|
|
Lymphatic syestem other roles?
Lacteals are associated with what? |
-Immunity white blood cells lymphoclytes are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection
--digestion lacteals absorb fats in the intestine |
|
|
NERVOUS SYESTEM
Neuron glial cells sensory neuron receptors |
-transmits electrical impulses
-epithelial support cells of neurons -sensory neuron recieve a signal the from sensory receptor and send in to the brain -receptors(cones rods pressure receptors)reat to enviroment and stimultae sensory neurons. |
|
|
cell to cell interaction is what type of reaction?
|
-chemical
|
|
|
Sensory neurons
Interneurons Motor neurons |
send impulse from sensory receptor toward the brain
-transmit the signal from one sensory neuron to the next -motor neurons transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber |
|
|
A signals path
|
Receptor
Sensory Neuron interneurons -Motor neuron(gland muslcle Fiber) - |
|
|
The name of a signal that travels along neurons as an electrical impulse is ---
the interaction between cells is called a ---- |
-a Action Potential
-neurotransmitter |
|
|
Resting Potential is when?
The membrane is permable to what ? |
The enzymes of the membrane of the neuron created a differnce of ions concentration of in and outside the cell
-Permeable to K but not NA and cl |
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|
Sodium Potassium Pump uses what to diffuse na inside the cell and K outside they use what to do this?
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-ATP
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Depolariztion?
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-when a neuron at rest is stimulated AP is formed
-Sodium channels open sodium in and potassium out (reversed polarity) -Sodium Potassium pump turns on and restores resting potential. -The channels open and close toward the neurons axon |
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Speed of action potential is increased when?
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Action potential increases with axon diameter thicker=faster
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Schwann cells(myelin sheath)
The gaps between schwamm cells are? True or false Schwamm cells increase speed of signal? |
Schwann cells are cells that are rapped around the axon of a neuron and that insulate membrane from action potential.
-Nodes of Ranvier True |
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Why are neurons only one way signal transmitter?
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-because dendrites can onley recieve a signal and they have no neurotransmitters
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What molecule stimulates the beak down of neurotransmitters?
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calcium Ca
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Central Nervous syestem?
2 Characteristics |
-composed of Brain and spinal cord.
-and processes nervous stimuli and coordinates responses. |
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Perpheral bervous syestem?
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-nervous tissues connecting all parts of the body to the central nervous syestem
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The brain? 3 parts
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Hindbrain
Midbrain Forebrain |
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Hind brain? 3 parts
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1.Medulla-base of brain controls heartbeat and respiration (sub concious)
2.Pons area that connects the two sides of the brain 3.cerebellum front of the head controls coordination,posture ,and equilibrium. |
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Midbrain?
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Optic lobes control vission
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forebrain?
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Thalmus-process of sensory info (homeostatis )
Hypothalmus-emotions and hormones that target the pituitary gland(endocrine syestem) |
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Left side of the brain?
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-controls right side of the body (language,math,logic and resoning
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Right side of the brain?
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-controls the left side of the body (spatial artistic,musical activities)
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Cranial nerves?
fish and amphibians? mammals, reptiles,birds? |
Ganglia bundles of neurons that come directly off the brain
-10 pair -12 pair |
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The function of the corpus callosum?
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Allows for sharing information between two sides of the brain
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Sensory division?
Motor division? |
-cells carrying signal toward brain
-cells carrying signals away from the brain |
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Explain how reflexes work?
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interneurons recieve impulse from sensory neuron and is sent back to the nervous cord activating the motor neuron to contract the muscle.
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Autonomic nervous syestem?
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-nerves of motor division that control unconcious functions
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Autononmic is also known as----syestem? controls what?
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-fight or flight syestem
-increase heart rate, stops digestion(NOREPINEPHRINE) |
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Parasympathetic(conserves)
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-slows down breathing and increses digestion
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What is a stimulus?
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-energy from the enviroment(light,heat,chemical,electrical,mechanical)
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Job of a receptor potential?
THRESHOLD STIMULI STRINGER STIMULI |
Stimuli changes membrane potential
-weaker stimuli that results in action potential -fast action with high frequency |
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Olafactory organs?
what is the process of the action? |
-smelling organs more sensative that that of taste can ditect things from far away
-sensors in the nasal cavity have cilia in mucus.molecules bind to mucus and initiate a nerve impulse |
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mechanoreceptors?
streching of muscles gives brain info about body position |
-respond to motion(pressure)Monitor in and external stimuli
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A lateral line does what?
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-found in fish and detects vibrations
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Neuromasts?
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at interval that have a copula surrounded by cilia that give info about vibrations.
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Balence and orientation?
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Utilizes gravity to determine orientation(statolith)
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Inner ear?
Saccule and Utricle? semi circular canals? |
-called Labyrinth balence organ orientation and sound detection.
-small chambers lined with hairs for balence -a fluid filled tubes for balence(perpendicular planes) |
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Tympanic membrane?
path of hearing? |
-Ear drum
-ear drum, -bones of the inner ear(malleus,incus,stapes,) -oval window -vibration in oval window is transfered into the fluid inside the cochlea -The cochela stimulate the ciliaof the organ of corti sending the impulses to the brain |
