Zoology 2

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The fundamental unit of life.

The basic structural and functional units of every organism.

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Cell

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“OMNIS CELLULA E CELLULA” — “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells.”

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Rudolf Virchow

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What are the 2 types of cell?

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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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It is also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

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Plasma Membrane

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It is known as the matrix of the cytoplasm. It is the entire content within the cell membrane.

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Cytosol

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Are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells.

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Chromosomes

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It contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.

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DNA

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It is an intracellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

It reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

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Ribosomes

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The DNA is concentrated in the NUCLEOID.

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Prokaryotes

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PRO means “_____”; –KARY means “_____”

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before, nucleus

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Bacteria and Archaea

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Prokaryotes

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Which type of cell lacks a true nucleus?

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Prokaryotic Cell

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EU means “_____”; –KARY means “_____”

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true, nucleus

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Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

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Eukaryotes

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Most of the DNA is in an organelle called the NUCLEUS.

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Eukaryotes

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water, and oxygen into and out of the cell.

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Plasma Membrane

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-It is composed of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol.

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Cytoplasm

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-The information central.

-It contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell.

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Nucleus

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-encloses the nucleus double membrane.

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Nuclear Envelope

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-maintains the shape of the nucleus.

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Nuclear Lamina

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-carry the genetic information.

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Chromosome

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-plural, nucleoli; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in the DNA.

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Nucleolus

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-The protein factories.

-Complexes made of rRNA and protein are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis.

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Ribosomes

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ENDOPLASMIC means “_____ ___ _____” and RETICULUM is Latin for “_____ ___”

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within the cytoplasm, little net

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-a reservoir for a liquid.

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Cisternae

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-the outer surface that lacks ribosomes; synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

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Smooth ER

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-studded on its outer surface with ribosomes.

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Rough ER

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-The shipping and receiving center.

-A warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing.

-Cis face and trans face: receiving and shipping departments.

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Golgi Apparatus

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Digestive compartments.

-A membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules.

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Lysosome

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Diverse maintenance compartments. They perform a variety of functions in different kinds of cells.

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Vacuoles

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Chemical energy conversion (ATP). -Powerhouse of the cell.

-Produces the energy necessary for the cell’s survival and functioning.

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Mitochondria

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Capture of light energy.

-Contain the green pigment CHLOROPHYLL, along with the enzymes and other molecules that function in the photosynthetic production of sugar.

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Chloroplast

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Oxidation

-use oxygen to break fatty acids down into smaller molecules.

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Peroxisomes

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Many unicellular eukaryotes are propelled through water by cilia or flagella that act as locomotor appendages (movement).

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Cilia and Flagella

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Motion of Flagella.

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One direction only.

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Motion of Cilia.

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Back and forth.

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EUKARYOTIC CELL

-Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.

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Cell Wall

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Is a crucial biological process for the creation of daughter cells from parent cells aimed at growth, development, and reproduction.

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Cell Division

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-Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

-Genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells.

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Binary Fission

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-It can be divided into subphases: G1, S, G2.

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Interphase

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-“First gap”

-Cell grows

-5-6 hours

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G1 Phase

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-“Synthesis”

-Continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes

-10-12 hours (longest phase)

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S Phase

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-“Second gap”

-Grows more as it completes preparations for cell division and continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes.

-4-6 hours

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G2 Phase

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-Are structures made from DNA sequences and proteins found at the ends of chromosomes.

-They cap and protect the end of a chromosome.

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Telomere

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A specialized region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are held together.

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Centromere

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The identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.

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Sister Chromatids

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-A process where a cell divides resulting in two identical cells.

-Each cell contains the same number of chromosomes and genetic content.

-Are SOMATIC CELLS (BODY CELLS).

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Mitosis

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MITOSIS

-The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope.

-The nucleoli disappear.

-The mitotic spindle begins to form.

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Prophase

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MITOSIS

-The nuclear envelope fragments.

-The microtubules (spindle fibers) extending from each centrosome can now invade the nuclear area.

-The chromosomes have become even more condensed.

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Prometaphase

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MITOSIS

-The chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate.

-The chromosomes’ centromere lie at the metaphase plate.

-For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to the kinetochore microtubules coming from the opposite poles.

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Metaphase

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MITOSIS

-Shortest phase

-Begins when two sister chromatids of each pair part suddenly.

-By the end of this, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collection of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)

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Anaphase

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MITOSIS

-Two daughter nuclei form in the cell.

-Nuclear envelope arises.

-Nucleoli reappear.

-The chromosomes become less condensed.

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Telophase

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MITOSIS

-The division of the cytoplasm is usually well under way by late telophase, so the two daughter cells appear shortly after the end of mitosis.

-Formation of CLEAVAGE FURROW in animal cells.

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Cytokinesis

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-A special type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells.

-It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).

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Meiosis

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MEIOSIS 1

-Chromosomes begin to condense, and homologs loosely pair along their lengths, aligned gene by gene.

-CROSSING OVER, a genetic rearrangement between non sister chromatids involving the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA molecules.

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Prophase 1

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MEIOSIS 1

-Pairs of homologous chromosomes are now arranged at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome in each pair facing each pole.

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Metaphase 1

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MEIOSIS 1

-The homologs move toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus.

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Anaphase 1

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MEIOSIS 1

-Two haploid (half) cells form; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.

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Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis

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MEIOSIS 2

-A spindle fiber apparatus forms.

-Chromosomes, each still composed of two chromatids.

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Prophase 2

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MEIOSIS 2

-The chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plates as in mitosis.

-The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are not genetically identical.

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Metaphase 2

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MEIOSIS 2

-The chromatids move toward opposite poles as individual chromosomes.

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Anaphase 2

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MEIOSIS 2

-Nuclei form, the chromosomes begin decondensing, and cytokinesis occurs.

-The four daughter cells are genetically distinct from one another and from the parent cell.

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Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis

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All cells share certain basic features:

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Plasma Membrane

Cytosol

Chromosomes

Ribosomes

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-Lack membrane-bound organelles

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Prokaryotic Cell

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-Have a true nucleus.

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Eukaryotic Cell

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-Contain membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc.

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Eukaryotic Cell

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-Smaller in size, usually ranging from 0.4 to 5 micrometers

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Prokaryotic Cell

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Larger and more diverse in size, typically ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers.

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Eukaryotic Cell

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Divided by BINARY FISSION.

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Prokaryotic Cell

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Divided by MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS.

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Eukaryotic Cell