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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anabolic process
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Constructive metabolism
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Anisogany
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Having two different types of gametes
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Apopyles
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(Gr.APO: away from, PYLE: gate). In sponges, opening of the radial canal into the spongocoel
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Archaeotype
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Ameboid cells of varied function in sponges
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Asconid
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Simplest form in sponges, with canals leading from outside to interior
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Autotrophs
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An organism that makes its organic nutrients from raw inorganic materials
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Axopodium
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Long, slender, more or less permanent pseudopodium found in certain amebas
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Bile
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Secreted in duodenum and is responsible for emulsification of lipids
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Binary Fission
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A mode of sexual reproduction in which an animal splits into two approximately equal offspring
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Binomial Nomenclature
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The linnaen system in which a species is given a compound name, the first word being the genus in which the species is placed (capitalized) and the second word being the species epithet (uncapitalized) used to separate a species from other members of the same genus
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Biological species concept
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Defines species as a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others that occupies a specific niche in nature)
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Buccal Cavity
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Reffering to the mouth cavity
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Budding
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Reproduction in which offspring arise as an outgrowth from the parent and is ititially
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Chemotroph
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An organism that derives nourishment from inorganic substances without using chlorophyll
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Choanoflagallata
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Any member of a protozoan clade having a single flagellum surrounded by a column of microvilli; some form colonies and all are included within the larger clade of opistrokonts
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Clade
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A taxon or other group consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants, forming a distinct branch on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree
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Cohesions species concept
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defines species as the most inclusive population of individuals having the potential for phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic cohesion mechanisms; a refinement of the evolutionary species concept emphasizing population genetic processes
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contractile vacuole
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a clear fluid filled cell vacuole in unicellular eukaryotes and a few animals; collects water and releases it to the outside in a cyclical manner, for osmoregulation and some excretion.
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metabolism
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essential chemical processses used to obtain energy and molecular components for building and maintaining living system.
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ecology
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the study of organismal interaction with environment
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irritability
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an organisms response to an environmental stimuli
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First law of thermodynamics
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Conservation of energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another
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the second law of thermodynamics
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states that physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder or entropy
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metabolism
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essential chemical processses used to obtain energy and molecular components for building and maintaining living system.
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entropy
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a state of greater disordor
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ecology
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the study of organismal interaction with environment
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eukaryotes
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organisms whose cell contains membrane-enclosed nuclei
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irritability
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an organisms response to an environmental stimuli
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Paradigms
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powerful theories that guid extensive research
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First law of thermodynamics
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Conservation of energy: Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another
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phylogeny
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life's history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree
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the second law of thermodynamics
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states that physical systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder or entropy
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particulate inheritance
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theories of heredity in which heredity factors are discrete entites that do not blend when transmitted through the same organism
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entropy
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a state of greater disordor
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eukaryotes
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organisms whose cell contains membrane-enclosed nuclei
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Paradigms
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powerful theories that guid extensive research
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phylogeny
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life's history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree
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particulate inheritance
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theories of heredity in which heredity factors are discrete entites that do not blend when transmitted through the same organism
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perpetualism
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the most basic theory of evolution that the living world is neither constant nor cycling, but is always undergoing irreversable modification through time
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gradualism
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Large differences in anatomical traits that characterize distant species originate through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over very long periods of time.
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Convexity
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The property of a taxonomic group that a path can be drawn between any two members on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree without leaving the group. Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups are convex, whereas polyphyletic groups are not.
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Crop
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A region of the esophagus specialized for storing food
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cytoproct
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Site on a unicellular eukaryote where undigestible matter is expelled
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cytopyge
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In some unicellular eukaryotes, localized site for expulsion of wastes
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Cytostome
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(Gr. kytos= hollow vessel, + stoma=mouth). The cell mouth in many unicellular eukaryotes
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deposit feeders
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aquatic organisms that consume detritus and small organisms in soil and other sediments
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Derived character state
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condition of a taxonomic character inferred by cladistic analysis to have arisen within a taxon being examined cladistically rather than having been inherited from the most recent common ancestor of all members of the taxon
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Dueterostomia
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(Gr. deuteros= second, secondary + stoma=mouth) A group of phyla in which cleavage is indeterminate (regulative) and ancestrally radial. The endomesoderm is enterocoelous, and the mouth is derived away from the blastopore. Includes Echinodermata, Chordata, and Hemichordata; contrasts with protostomia
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Ectoplasm
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(gr. Ektos= outside + plasma = form). The cortex of a cell or that part of cytoplams just under the cell surface; contrasts with endoplasm
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Endoplasm
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(gr. endo= within + plasma= form or mold) The portion of cytoplasm that immediately surrounds the nucleus. contrasts with ectoplasm
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Entropy
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The proportion of a system's energy that is not available for doing work.
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Evolution
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Organic evolution encompasses all changes in the characteristics and diversity of life on earth througout its history.
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extrusome
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(L. extrusus= driven out+ Soma= body). Any membrane-bound organelle used to extrude something from a cell
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Filipodium
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(L. Filum= thread + Gr. pous, podos= foot) A type of pseudopodium that is very slender and may branch but does not rejoin to form a mesh
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Filter feeders
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Any feeding process by which particulate food is filtered from water in which it is suspended
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Foraminiferan
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(L. foramin=hole, perforation + fero= to bear). Amebas with netlike pseudopodia and bearing a test with many openings
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Genus
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A group of related species with taxonomic rank between family and species
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Golgi
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A part of the cellular endomembrane system that serves as a collecting and packaging center for secreted polypeptides and proteins
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Grade
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A level of organismal complexity or adaptive zone characteric of a group of evolutionarily related organisms
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heterotroph
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An organism that must obtain both organic and inorganic raw materials from the environment in order to live; includes most animals, fungi, and those plants and microorganisms that do not have photosynthesis
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Homology
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Equivalence of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a remote ancestor, and usually having a similar embryonic origin. May also refer to molecular sequences or chromosomes whose equivalence represents descent from a common ancestral molecule or chromosome respectively. Serial homology is the correspondence in the same individual of repeated structures having the same origin and development, such as the appendages of arthropods
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homoplasy
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phenotypic similarity among characteristics of different species or populations (including molecular, morphological, behavioral, or other features) that does not accurately represent patterns of common evolutionary descent ( =non-homologous similarity); it is produced by evolutionary parallelism, convergance and or reveral, and is revealed by incongruence among different characters on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree
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hyaline caps
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mechanism of ameba movement- see figure 11.9 in text (pg. 222)
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hydrogenosome (Gr. Hydor= water + genos= kind + soma= body)
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An anaerobic cellular organelle presumed to be derived from a mitochondrion.
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Hydrolysis
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( Hydor= water + lysis = a loosening) The decomposition of a chemical compound by the addition of water; the splitting of a molecule into its groupings so that the split products acquire hydrogen and hydroxyl groups
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intermediary meiosis
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Meiosis that occurs neither during gamete formation nor immediately after zygote formation, producing both haploid and diploid generations, such as foraminiferans
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Isogametes`
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(Gr. isos, equal + gametes= spouse). Gametes of a species in which gametes of both sexes are alike in size and appearance.
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Kinetostome
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(Gr. kinetos= moving + soma= body) The self-duplicating structure at the base of the flagellum or cilium; similar to centriole, also called basal body or blepharoplast.
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Leuconoid
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(Gr. leukon=white + eidos= like) A type of canal system in sponges where choanocytes reside in chambers.
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Lobopodium
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(Gr. Lobos= lobe + podos= foot) Blunt, lobe like pseudopodium
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Lophocyte
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(Gr. lophos=crest + kytos= hollow vessel) Type of sponge amebocyte that secretes bundles of fibrils.
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Lysosome
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(Gr. lysis= loosing + soma= body) Intracellular organelle consisting of a membrane enclosing several digestive enzymes that are released when the lysosome fuses with vescicles or endosomes produced by endocytosis.
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macronucleus (pl. macronucleoli)
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(gr. makros= long, large + nucleus= kernel) The larger of the two kinds of nuclei in ciliates; controls all cell functions except reproduction.
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Malaria
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A disease marked by periodic chills, fever, anemia, and other symptoms, caused by plasmodium spp.
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Micronucleus (pl micronucleoli)
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The smaller of two nuclei found in ciliate protozoa; controls the reproductive functions of these organisms
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mitochondrion
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A eukaryotic cellular organelle in which aerobic metabolism occurs
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monophyly
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The condtion that a taxon or other group of organisms contains the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants; contrast with polyphyly and paraphyly
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myocyte
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gr. mys= muscle + kytos= hollow vessel) Contractile cell in sponges
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osmotroph
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A heterotrophic organism that absorbs dissolved nutrients
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Ostia
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opening
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outgroup
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In phylogenetic systematic stuies, a species or group of species closely related to but not included within a taxon whose phylogeny is being studied, and used to polarize variation of characters and to root the phylogenetic tree.
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paraphyly
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(Gr. para= beside + phyle = tribe) the condition that a taxon or other group of organisms contains the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group but excludes some descendants of that ancestor; contrasts with monophyly and polyphyly
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phagocytosis
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(gr. phagein=eat + kytos= hollow vessel). Engulfment of a particle by a phagocyte or a unicellular eukaryote
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Phenetic taxonomy
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Refers to the use of a criterion of overall similarity to classify organisms into taxa; contrasts with classifications based explicitly on a recontruction of phylogeny
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pinacocyte
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Flattened cells composing dermal epithelium in sponges.
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pinocytosis
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Fluid acquisition by a cell in which specific receptors bind ions/ molecules present on plasma membranes which are invaginated and pinch off to form small vesicles
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plasmodium
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multinucleate ameboid mass, syncytial.
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Plastid
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A membranous organelle in plant cells functioning in photosynthesis and/or nutrient storage, for example, chloroplasts
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Polarity
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In systematics, the ordering of alternative states of a taxonomic character from evolutionarily anestral to derived conditions. IN developmental biology, the tendency for the axis of an ovum to orient corresponding to the axis of the mother. Also, condition of having opposite poles; differential distribution of gradation along an axis
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Polyphyly
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The condition that a taxon or other group of organisms does not contain the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group, implying that it has multiple evolutionary origins; such groups are not valid as formal taxa and are recognized as such onnly through error. Contrasts with monophyly and paraphyly
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protostomia
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A group of phyla in which cleavage is mosaic, the coelom (in coelomate forms) is formed by proliferation of mesodermal bands (schizocoelic formation) the mesoderm is formed from a particular blastomere (called 4d) and the mouth is derived from or near the blastopore. Includes the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and a number of minor phyla; contrasts with deuterostomia.
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proventriculus
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In birds the glandular stomach between the crop and gizzard. In insects, a muscular dilation of the foregut armed internally with chitinous teeth
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pseudopodium
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A temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell, and serving for locomotion or for engulfing food
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Punctuated equilibrium
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A model of evolution in which morphological evolutionary change is discontinuous, being associated primarily with discrete, geologically instantaneous events of speciation leading to phylogenetic branching; morphological evolutionary stasis characterizes species between episodes of speciation; contrasts with phyletic gradualism
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radial canals
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canals along the ambulacra radiating from the ring canal of echinoderms; also choanocyte-lined canals in syconoid sponges
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radiolarians
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Amebas with actinopodia and beautiful tests
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renin
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An enzyme produced by the kidney juxtaglomerular apparatus that initiates changees causing increased blood pressure and increased sodium reabsorption
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Reticulopodia
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Pseudopodia that branch and rejoin
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retortamonad
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Any member of a protozoan clade comprising certain heterotrophic flagellates
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rhizopodia
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Branched filamentous pseudopodia made by some amebas
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Ribosomes
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Subcellular structure composed of protein and ribonucleic acid. Occurs free in the cytoplasm or attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum; functions in protein synthesis
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Ruminant
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Artiodactyl mammals with a complex four-chambered stomach including a foregut that contains bacteria and serves as a fermentation chamber
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schizogony
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Multiple asexual fission
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sclerocyte
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An amebocyte in sponges that secretes spicules
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species
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A group of interbreeding individuals of common ancestry that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups; a taxonomic unit ranking below a genus and designated by a binomen consisting of its genus and the species name
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suspension feeders
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Aquatic organisms that collect suspended food particles from the surrounding water; particles are filtered or taken by other methods
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systematics
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science of taxonomy and reconstruction of phylogeny
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typhlosole
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A longitudinal fold projecting into the intestine in certain invertebrates such as the earthworm
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Villi
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A small fingerlike process on the wall of the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption of digested nutrients. Also one of the branching, vascular processes on the embryonic portion of the placenta
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Zygote
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A fertilized egg.
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Responsible for the flowering of systematics in the eighteenth century. Designed our current scheme of classification
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Polytypic (not on study guid but bold in book)
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Sometimes a species is divided into subspecies using trinomial nomenclature. Genus, species, and subspecies are all included in naming the species
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Cardiac sphincter
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Sphincter that opens when food arrives and then closes to prevent regurgitation back into the esophagus
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Class Calcarea.
Structure? Rays? Phylum? Spicules composition? |
In the phylum of prorifera (sponges). Spicules consist of calcium carbonate. They may be leuconoid, syconoid, or asconoid in structure. 3 to 4 rays.
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Class demospongiae.
Structure? Rays? Phylum? Spicule composition? |
In the phylum Prorifera (sponges). Not six rayed. This group contains 95% of living sponge species including most large sponges. All members of the class are leuconoid in structure. Siliceous spicules
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Class hexactinellida
Rays? Phylum? Spicule composition? |
In the phylum prorifera (sponges). Six rayed siliceous spicules that network to form a glass like structure
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Class homoscleromorpha?
Any spicules? Phylum? Spicule composition? |
Phylum prorifera (sponges)
Spicules may be absent if present they are small and simple in shape. Siliceous spicules. No axial filament. |
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What is african sleeping sickness?
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a parasitic disease of people and animals, caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the tsetse fly
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Alan templeton
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Proposed the Cohesion species concept in 1989 by including asexual organisms
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Null hypothesis
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part of the scientific method that is followed by empirical testing
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Commensalism
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symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits with no effect on the other
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Dehydration synthesis
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The opposite of hydrolysis. Products result in the formation of H20
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Entamoeba
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Important human parasitic disease. it lives in large intestine and on occasion can invade the intestinal wall by secreting enzymes that attack the intestinal lining
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Ernst Mayr
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Contributed to our knowledge of allopatric speciation through his studies of speciation of birds
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George Gaylord Simpson
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Proposed evolutionary species concept during 1940s
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Kinetosome
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In flagellum. Nine triplets of microtubules and is also known as the basal body
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Henning willi
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German entomologist who formulated the principles of phylogenetic systematics/cladistics -1950s
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