Zoology 101; Exam #4 (Final)

Front 1

where did darwin go to school and what did he study?

Back 1

cambridge, geology

Front 2

what is the name of the ship darwin took for five years to south america to map coastlines?

Back 2

the beagle

Front 3

while on the beagle, darwin noticed:
variation in related species are no more than exaggerated forms of the variation found in a single ---.

Back 3

population

Front 4

while on the beagle, darwin noticed:
--- of extinct animals.

Back 4

fossils

Front 5

while on the beagle, darwin noticed:
geographic variation and -- replacement.

Back 5

species

Front 6

what bird species made darwin notice the variation in a species geographically?

Back 6

the rhea

Front 7

which famous islands did darwin study off the coast of ecuador?

Back 7

galapagos islands

Front 8

while on the beagle, darwin noticed:
south american --- of galapagos population. which two animals were examples of this?

Back 8

affinities. iguanas and commarants

Front 9

while on the beagle, darwin noticed:
different variation among different ---. (off the coast of ecuador)

Back 9

islands

Front 10

which turtles demonstrated variation among islands?

Back 10

turtles (domed, intermediate, saddle back)

Front 11

darwin concluded after his trip on the beagle: over time and from place to place, species become ---.

Back 11

modified

Front 12

which essay did darwin read that inspired his thoughts about natural selection?

Back 12

Thomas Mathus's essay on human population (1838)

Front 13

what practice was common in darwin's time that made him also think of natural selection?

Back 13

the breeding of birds for quality

Front 14

darwin was so methodical, he even wrote a pros and cons list about whether or not he was going to do what?

Back 14

get married

Front 15

where did alfred russell walace study?

Back 15

the amazon basin

Front 16

what tragedy happened to alfred walace upon his return to england?

Back 16

all of his collections were burned in a boat fire

Front 17

in 1858, walace also read ----'s essay which lead him to thinking of ---- ---.

Back 17

malthus; natural selection

Front 18

what did walace do with his idea of natural selection?

Back 18

he sent a letter to darwin, who had them published as "co-discoverers"

Front 19

when considering requirements for natural selection: what is variation?

Back 19

individuals within species vary in morphology, behavior, and physiology

Front 20

variation is difference ---- species.

Back 20

within

Front 21

when considering requirements for natural selection: what is inheritance?

Back 21

traits will be passed from parent to offspring

Front 22

even asexual variation occurs by means of --- and also ---.

Back 22

mutations, viral/bacterial recombination of DNA

Front 23

when considering requirements for natural selection: what is overproduction?

Back 23

natural populations produce more individuals than the environment can support.

Front 24

when considering requirements for natural selection: what is mortality?

Back 24

more individuals are born than can survive

Front 25

when considering requirements for natural selection: what is differential reproduction?

Back 25

those with favored traits will leave more offspring with those traits

Front 26

survival of the fittest should be rephrased to state "--- of the fittest"

Back 26

reproduction

Front 27

any trait with the five characteristics of natural selection will ---.

Back 27

evolve

Front 28

what are the three absolutely necessary things that need to occur for natural selection?

Back 28

variation, inheritance, and differential reproduction

Front 29

the proportion of individuals with a trait within a population changes, not the ---.

Back 29

individual itself

Front 30

evolution is a --- science.

Back 30

historical

Front 31

what is an example of variation in quantitative traits?

Back 31

microevolution of ground finches

Front 32

selection is not an all or nothing process, it's a --- level process.

Back 32

population

Front 33

when considering forms of selection: what is directional?

Back 33

something that changes the average value of a trait. (the mean shifts according to "arms race") (blacked out on one end)

Front 34

what is an example of directional selection?

Back 34

blackpoll warblers and eating fat

Front 35

when considering forms of selection: what is stabilizing?

Back 35

something that acts on traits used in mate identification (interviened with when using modern medicine) (blacked out on both ends)

Front 36

when considering forms of selection: what is disruptive?

Back 36

splitting one curve into two (black and orange lady bugs vs. blackish orange)

Front 37

what is sexual dimorphism?

Back 37

males and females often differ in morphology

Front 38

what is primary interaction between sexes?

Back 38

having a link to sexual reproduction

Front 39

what is secondary interaction between sexes?

Back 39

no physical connection to reproduction

Front 40

what two animals are examples of sexual selection?

Back 40

spiders and frogs

Front 41

darwin said that dimorphism evolved from -- ---.

Back 41

sexual selection

Front 42

sexual selection depends on competition between ----, not differing organisms.

Back 42

the same sex

Front 43

sexual selection operates on characteristics that help organisms obtain mates, but are of little value in --- .

Back 43

daily life

Front 44

when considering processes in sexual selection: what is mate choice?

Back 44

"power to charm females" ie)peacocks

Front 45

when considering processes in sexual selection: what is intrasexual selection?

Back 45

"power to conquer other males in battle" ie)chameleons fighting reflections

Front 46

what is "lek"?

Back 46

males gather at traditionally a display ground ie) prairie chickens

Front 47

what are sex roles?

Back 47

strategies to ensure reproductive success. females are choosy and discriminative, males are aggressive, competitive, and flashy.

Front 48

why are females usually pickier than males?

Back 48

females have a greater investment in reproduction

Front 49

do males or females have a greater reproductive potential? why?

Back 49

males; they want to have preferred access

Front 50

as male numbers increase, male disparity ---, and agression ---.

Back 50

increases, increases ie) gorillas vs. gibbons

Front 51

variation in reproductive success is greater in --- than ---.

Back 51

males, females

Front 52

about how many bird species have sex role reversals in the world?

Back 52

30 of 9000

Front 53

what is speciation?

Back 53

ecological divergence which forms new species

Front 54

--- defines species.

Back 54

reproduction

Front 55

what does the biological species concept say rules for species labeling?

Back 55

1. they need to exchange genes
2. they need to produce fertile offspring
3. they need to be reproductively isolated from other such groups

Front 56

what is the importance of reproductive isolation?

Back 56

if a group only interbreeds with itself, it can develop adaptations vs. breeding with other groups

Front 57

what is meant by reproductive isolation?

Back 57

prevention of mixing of genes among various groups

Front 58

when considering reproductive isolating mechanisms: what is premating?

Back 58

something that prevents crosses from occuring

Front 59

when considering reproductive isolating mechanisms: what is post mating isolation?

Back 59

prevention via genetics or development

Front 60

when considering reproductive isolating mechanisms: premating: what is mechanical prevention?

Back 60

not getting in the right position or fitting properly during sex

Front 61

when considering reproductive isolating mechanisms: premating: what is behavioral prevention?

Back 61

time of the year of breeding prevents mixing

Front 62

when considering reproductive isolating mechanisms: premating: what is ecological prevention?

Back 62

one species in differing breeding habitats

Front 63

when considering geographic territory: what is allopatric?

Back 63

differing geological areas between groups

Front 64

when considering geographic territory: what is sympatric?

Back 64

same geographical area shared between groups

Front 65

when considering geographic territory: what is parapatric?

Back 65

contiguous areas with no distinct boundary

Front 66

which geographic classification gets around gene flow so that species can breed alone?

Back 66

allopatric

Front 67

what are the five qualifications to allopatric speciation?

Back 67

1. single population
2. different environment and migration than other groups
3. geographic isolation
4. reproductive isolating mechanisms evolve
5. Formerly isolated population can coexist and still remain distinct

Front 68

what are a few examples of geographical barriers in south america?

Back 68

amazon, forest and non forest areas, andes mountains, former continental drifts

Front 69

when considering how populations in isolation diverge: how does ecology have an effect?

Back 69

mate choice and pollination. when different environments are around a population, different animals surrounding it will utilize it in different manners.

Front 70

when considering how populations in isolation diverge: how does genetic drift have an effect?

Back 70

chance, unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies. (this is most effective in small populations)

Front 71

what is the bottleneck effect?

Back 71

a portion of a population becomes geologically isolated from the rest of the population, thus is limited in genetic variation, and even when the population is reunited, the alleles are still lost.

Front 72

what happens in ongoing hybridization?

Back 72

species boarders become fuzzy and hybrids are then made (breeding disrupted by loss of varying habitat)

Front 73

what is an example of human induction of hybrids due to disrupted habitat?

Back 73

lake victoria's cichlids due to cloudy water, fire bellied toads

Front 74

when considering possible outcomes of hybridization: what is fusion?

Back 74

species mingle again

Front 75

when considering possible outcomes of hybridization: what is continuation of hybridization?

Back 75

hybridization continues

Front 76

when considering possible outcomes of hybridization: what is reinforcement?

Back 76

hybrids are not able to be produced due to separation of species

Front 77

hybridization reinforcement is an example of -- speciation.

Back 77

sympatric

Front 78

what are two examples of sympatric speciation?

Back 78

apple maggot and storm petral (breeding times are varied and by natural selection diverge into two completely different times)

Front 79

what is an example of speciation by polyploidy?

Back 79

cacti

Front 80

what is polyploidy?

Back 80

use of homologous chromosome pairs

Front 81

are rates of speciation faster or slower with human intervention such as in a lab or lake victoria vs. in nature?

Back 81

faster

Front 82

what is endemism?

Back 82

he occurance of a form in a restricted area ******(this is the importance of isolation to speciation)******

Front 83

hawaii has few groups, but is rich in --.

Back 83

species

Front 84

what is convergent (analogous) evolution?

Back 84

differing ancestors but the same adaptions due to the same environmental pressures

Front 85

geologic time scale was established before darwin wrote --- .

Back 85

origin of species

Front 86

how old is earth?

Back 86

4.55 billion years

Front 87

what group of convergent mammalian history contains whales, dolphins, and porpoises?

Back 87

cetaceans

Front 88

what group of convergent mammalian history contains seals?

Back 88

pinne----

Front 89

what group of convergent mammalian history contains manatees?

Back 89

sis-----

Front 90

all convergent mammalian contain similar hand bones due to ----.

Back 90

shared ancestry

Front 91

whales are said to have diverged from which species?

Back 91

ungulates

Front 92

whale embryos have a hindlimb starting at -- days and stopping at --- days.

Back 92

24, 48

Front 93

what is ecology?

Back 93

the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environments

Front 94

what year did ecology begin? and by who?

Back 94

1735; carolus linnalus

Front 95

what was the importance of darwin's 'origin of species' to ecology?

Back 95

animals/plants ADAPT to their environment

Front 96

who first used the word 'ecology' in his monograph of natural history and morphology in 1866?

Back 96

Ernest Haeckel

Front 97

What did Aldo Leopold do?

Back 97

laid the foundation for modern ecology, education, and environment.

Front 98

modern ecology is ---, not a grand narrative.

Back 98

fragmented

Front 99

when considering the 4 types of ecology: what is an ecosystem?

Back 99

a system that tells about energy flow (chemical and physical)

Front 100

when considering the 4 types of ecology: what is population?

Back 100

a species and its growth rate/abundance

Front 101

when considering the 4 types of ecology: what are communities?

Back 101

groups of interacting species (diversity)

Front 102

when considering the 4 types of ecology: what is landscape?

Back 102

conservation; questions how two dimensional environments effect species interactions

Front 103

-- are used in all ecological perspectives.

Back 103

models

Front 104

-- related to measuring stick size, include the concept of resolution, extent, and size.

Back 104

scale

Front 105

what is resolution in measurement?

Back 105

the smallest thing that can be perceived as a measurement.

Front 106

what is often used to test ecological hypotheses?

Back 106

the scientific method

Front 107

today's context for ecology is -- ---.

Back 107

human activity

Front 108

environmental studies is simply applied --.

Back 108

ecology

Front 109

what links all ecosystems?

Back 109

carbon

Front 110

what absorbs reflected infrared light as heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming?

Back 110

CO2

Front 111

what shape is the average global temperature graph in?

Back 111

hockey stick

Front 112

what social event marks the beginning of global warming?

Back 112

industrial revolution

Front 113

how much as the ocean heat content increased in the past 50 years?

Back 113

.06 degrees C

Front 114

the ocean is less/more effected by global warming because of how water's change of state buffers energy changes.

Back 114

less

Front 115

about how many degrees is the climate projected to change in the next century?

Back 115

2-5 degrees C

Front 116

climate change is ----- due to increased CO2 by factories.

Back 116

anthropogenic

Front 117

what is a good example of evidence of increased CO2 in the atmosphere?

Back 117

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Front 118

in the past 200 years, the oceans have raised about 120 meters due to -- ---.

Back 118

thermal expansion

Front 119

what are two things that have moved north?

Back 119

tree hard-lines and disease vectors

Front 120

what produces controversy as given out by big business?

Back 120

propaganda

Front 121

community ecology focusses on species --- and ----.

Back 121

diversity; composition

Front 122

what is an example of measuring diversity?

Back 122

species richness

Front 123

species interacting and living in the same area is defined as a ---, NOT AN ECOSYSTEM!

Back 123

community

Front 124

what is a model that keeps track of communities?

Back 124

food web

Front 125

When considering communal interactions: what is predation?

Back 125

eating plants/animals of one organism to another

Front 126

When considering communal interactions: what is competition?

Back 126

competing for food

Front 127

When considering communal interactions: what is mutualism?

Back 127

two organisms working together so that both benefit

Front 128

what is a watershed?

Back 128

the surface that drains into some body of water

Front 129

what is an orthophotograph

Back 129

little picture in a 2D form of developed land (aerial)

Front 130

what percent of lawn prevents aquatic plants from growing?

Back 130

20

Front 131

what are probably drivers of community structure of urban ponds?

Back 131

watershed toxic chemicals

Front 132

in a watershed, more than -- percent lawn has no life.

Back 132

30

Front 133

what form the 'urban community'?

Back 133

gardens, pests, and pets

Front 134

what is a population?

Back 134

a group of interacting individuals of the same species

Front 135

what is population ecology?

Back 135

study of what regulates growth and abundance of the population

Front 136

what is one of the last clear rives in south china?

Back 136

li

Front 137

most water in china is hypereutrophic, meaning what?

Back 137

it has large amounts of nutrients which enable algae blooms, causing water to be oxygen deficient

Front 138

even though exponential growth is without limit, human populations still have a -- growth rate coeffient --.

Back 138

constant; r

Front 139

percent growth rate=

Back 139

annual increase/population size

Front 140

doubling time for population growth=

Back 140

69/ percent annual growth

Front 141

the environment supports a ---- population of size K.

Back 141

equilibrium

Front 142

in the past 20-30 years, human populations have seen ---.

Back 142

regulation

Front 143

what is the leading regulator of population growth in modern times?

Back 143

contraception

Front 144

it is possible that fecundity is dropping due to --- disruptions in our environment.

Back 144

endocrine

Front 145

developed countries have shown a ---- transition.

Back 145

demographic

Front 146

human density=

Back 146

# per unit of area/volume

Front 147

ecological interactions are one aspect of --- ecology.

Back 147

community

Front 148

predations encourages evolution and thus increases ---.

Back 148

diversity

Front 149

host-pathogen interactions are a kind of --- interaction.

Back 149

predation

Front 150

what percent of people died in the influenza of 1918?

Back 150

2

Front 151

what is a pandemic?

Back 151

a disease spreading globally

Front 152

what is a vector?

Back 152

something that transports pathogens from one host to another

Front 153

what are a few examples of vectors?

Back 153

wind, touch, insects, water

Front 154

once in a host, pathogens ---.

Back 154

reproduce

Front 155

the most simple model of disease spreading is the --- reaction.

Back 155

chain

Front 156

with diseases, there is a trade off between --- and ----.

Back 156

virulence (danger) and contagion

Front 157

it's more beneficial for the parasite if the host is ---. (contingent on the number of offspring)

Back 157

able/healthy

Front 158

less offspring=

Back 158

more transmittence

Front 159

diseases evolve to become less ---

Back 159

virulent

Front 160

influenza pandemics quickly --.

Back 160

disappear

Front 161

we use -- principles to manage pathogen spread.

Back 161

ecological

Front 162

what is the name of the dog star once believed to make human health decline?

Back 162

sirius

Front 163

where was the 1918 flu supposed to have started?

Back 163

a pig farm in iowa

Front 164

swine flu has evolved -- times as much in people as it has in pigs

Back 164

twice

Front 165

what are CAFO's?

Back 165

close quartered animals farms which harvest disease

Front 166

what does landscape ecology address?

Back 166

how the 2D pattern of suitable habitat affects the ecology of organisms

Front 167

landscape ecology is --- of scale.

Back 167

independent

Front 168

landscape concepts are used to manage -- and conserve its ---.

Back 168

wildlife; diversity

Front 169

larger islands have more/less species than smaller ones

Back 169

more

Front 170

the species-area curve is an example of -- ecology

Back 170

community

Front 171

on small islands, few species lead to less ----, which in turn leads to less species.

Back 171

mutualism

Front 172

what is the biggest reason that smaller islands have less species diversity?

Back 172

less habitat

Front 173

patches of habitat connected by --- of suitable habitat have fewer extinctions.

Back 173

corridors

Front 174

what is a buffer habitat?

Back 174

land between core habitat of a species and human habitat

Front 175

the equilibrium model of island biogeography is dynamic between --- and ---.

Back 175

immigration/extinction

Front 176

what shape is a model of suitable habitat?

Back 176

circle

Front 177

--- specialists do well in fragmented landscapes. Give 2 examples.

Back 177

Edge/ deer, cal birds

Front 178

the best nature preserves or suitable habitat has what characteristics?

Back 178

round, large, buffered, and connected to near-by preserves

Front 179

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Back 179

the most diverse communities have some disturbance

Front 180

what is restoration?

Back 180

going back to original state

Front 181

what is rehabilitation?

Back 181

substitution of species

Front 182

what are three examples of invasive species?

Back 182

rusty crayfish, fire ants, and starlings