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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 checkpoints?
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G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint Metaphase checkpoint |
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G1 checkpoint
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Make sure cells have the right size, nutrients, growth factors to go from G1 to G2 in cell cycle
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G2 checkpoint
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Make sure cells are the right size, have DNA replicated before starting prophase of mitosis
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Metaphase checkpoint
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Makes sure all chromosomes are attached to microtubules of spindle before anaphase of mitosis begins
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What are proto-oncogenes? How do oncogenes differ from them?
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Genes coding for proteins to regulate the cell cycle
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that encourage the cell to undergo mitosis more rapidly |
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What are the 4 genetic changes that cause proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes?
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Proto-oncogene moved to a new place nexte to a promoter that never turns off. Proteins that enourage mitosis are made constantly --> Cell never stops dividing
Gene amplification: extra copies of proto-oncogene inserted on DNA, make extra proteins encourage mitosis --> increased cell division Point mutations in promoter region of oncogene make promoter always in "on" mode Ponit mutation in gene itself makes a "hyperactive" protein that enourages mitosis to happen more often |
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What do tumor supressors do?
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Detect and repair DNA damage or shut down cell division
If mutated: cell checkpoints overidden/cell won't stop dividing |
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P53
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helps cell decide whether to repair damaged DNA or commit cell suicide
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BRCA-2
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encodes protein that helps repair damaged DNA at G2
Ovarian and breast cancers |
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What are the two properties of normal cells that are lacking in cancerous cells
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Contact inhibition
Anchorage dependence |
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Contact inhibition
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prevent cell division if doing so would cause piling up
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Anchorage dependence
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requre contact with other cells in order to attach
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A tumor can progress through various stages, with additional mutation. What are the 3 stages
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Benign
Malignant Metastasis |
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Benign
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tumor isolated to certain area
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Malignant
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Spreads to other tissues
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Metastasis
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Further spread by lymph system
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What is chemotherapy?
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injection of chemicals into bloodstream to kill rapidly dividing cells (prevent mitosis)
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What is radiation therapy?
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Use high electron particles to injure/destroy cells by damagingthe DNA; cells can't grow/divide
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What are angiogensis inhibitors?
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Keeps blood vessels from reaching tumor so its nutrient supply is cut off and abnormal cells can't get travel to other parts of body (metastasize) through blood stream
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How migh antisense RNA help treat cancer?
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Can bind to mRNA trascribed from an oncogene, so it can't be translated into a protein that encourages rapid mitosis
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