Zool 507, Ch 1-3

Front 1

what is anatomy?

Back 1

describes the structures of the body
-what they are made of
-where they are located
-associated structures

Front 2

what is physiology?

Back 2

-the study of functions of anatomical structures
-individual and cooperatives functions

Front 3

what is gross anatomy?

Back 3

examines visible structures

Front 4

what is surface anatomy?

Back 4

study of exterior features

Front 5

what is regional anatomy?

Back 5

study of body areas

Front 6

what is systemic anatomy?

Back 6

study of groups of organs working together

Front 7

what is developmental anatomy?

Back 7

study of groups of organs working together

Front 8

what is clinical anatomy?

Back 8

study of medical spealties

Front 9

what is microscopic anatomy?

Back 9

examines cells and molecules

Front 10

what is cytology?

Back 10

study of cells and their structures

Front 11

what is histology?

Back 11

study of tissues and their structures

Front 12

what is cell physiology?

Back 12

study of processes within and between cells

Front 13

what is special physiology?

Back 13

study of functions of specific organs

Front 14

what is systemic physiology?

Back 14

study of functions of an organ system

Front 15

what is pathological physiology?

Back 15

study of effects of diseases

Front 16

what are atoms?

Back 16

the smallest chemical units

Front 17

what are molecules?

Back 17

a group of atoms working together

Front 18

what are cells?

Back 18

group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

Front 19

what are tissues?

Back 19

a group of similar cells working together

Front 20

what is an organ?

Back 20

a group of different tissues working together

Front 21

what is an organ system?

Back 21

a group of organs working together

Front 22

how many organ systems do humans have?

Back 22

eleven

Front 23

what is homeostasis?

Back 23

all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

Front 24

what are the mechanisms of homeostatis regulation?

Back 24

-autoregulation (intrinsic)
-extrinsic regulation

Front 25

what is autoregulation (intrinsic)?

Back 25

type of homeostasis regulation
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

Front 26

what is extrinsic regulation?

Back 26

type of homeostasis regulation
responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Front 27

what is a receptor?

Back 27

a part of homeostasis that receives the stimulus

Front 28

what is the control center?

Back 28

a part of homeostasis that processes the signal and sends instructions

Front 29

what is the effector?

Back 29

a part of homeostasis that carries out instructions

Front 30

what is the role of negative feedback?

Back 30

-the response of the effector negates the stimulus
-body is brought back into homeostasis (normal range is achieved)

Front 31

what is the role of positive feedback?

Back 31

-the response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus
-body is moved away from homeostasis (normal range is lost)
-used to speed us processes

Front 32

what is systems integration?

Back 32

systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Front 33

what happens if physiological systems can't restore balance?

Back 33

failure results in disease or death

Front 34

what is anatomical position?

Back 34

hands at sides, palms forward

Front 35

what is supine position?

Back 35

lying down, face up

Front 36

what is prone position?

Back 36

lying down, face down

Front 37

what are anatomical landmarks?

Back 37

references to palpable structures

Front 38

what are anatomical regions?

Back 38

-body regions
-abdominopelvic quadrants
-abdominopelvic directions

Front 39

what is a plane?

Back 39

a three-dimensional axis

Front 40

what is a section?

Back 40

a slice parallel to a plane

Front 41

what are planes and sections used for?

Back 41

used to visualize internal organization and structure

Front 42

what are the functions of body cavities?

Back 42

-protect organs from accidental shocks
-permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

Front 43

what cavities are in the central body cavity?

Back 43

divided by the diaphragm:
-thoracic cavity
-abdominopelvic cavity

Front 44

what are serous membranes?

Back 44

-line body cavities and cover organs
-consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

Front 45

what are the pleural cavities?

Back 45

contain right and left lungs

Front 46

what is the mediastinum?

Back 46

-upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
-lower portion contains pericardial cavity
(the heart is located within the pericardial cavity)

Front 47

what is the parietal peritoneum?

Back 47

lines the internal body wall

Front 48

what is the visceral peritoneum?

Back 48

covers the organs in abdominopelvic cavity

Front 49

describe the abdominal cavity

Back 49

-superior cavity of abdominopelvic cavity
-diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
-contains digestive organs
-retroperitoneal space

Front 50

what is retroperitoneal space?

Back 50

-area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
-contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

Front 51

describe the pelvic cavity

Back 51

-inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity
-within pelvic bones
-contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

Front 52

what is matter made up of?

Back 52

atoms

Front 53

what is a proton?

Back 53

positive charge, 1 mass unit

Front 54

what is a neutron?

Back 54

neutral, 1 mass unit

Front 55

what is an electron?

Back 55

negative charge, low mass

Front 56

what is atomic number?

Back 56

number of protons

Front 57

what is mass number?

Back 57

number of protons plus neutrons

Front 58

what is nucleus?

Back 58

contains protons and neutrons

Front 59

what is electron cloud?

Back 59

contains electrons

Front 60

what are elements?

Back 60

-elements are determined by the atomic number of an atom
-most basic chemicals

Front 61

what are isotopes?

Back 61

the specific version of an element based on its mass number

Front 62

why are only neutrons different in isotopes?

Back 62

because the number of protons determines the element

Front 63

what is a stabilized isotope?

Back 63

an isotope that won't change

Front 64

what is a radio isotope?

Back 64

an isotope that will change

Front 65

what is atomic weight?

Back 65

-exact mass of all particles (majority protons and neutrons)
-average of the mass number of the isotopes

Front 66

what is atomic weight measured in?

Back 66

daltons

Front 67

what determines the reactivity of an atom?

Back 67

electrons in the electron cloud

Front 68

what is "reactivity" of an atom?

Back 68

how the atom will combine with others

Front 69

what are shells of the electron cloud?

Back 69

energy levels that hold a maximum number of electrons

Front 70

what is valence shell?

Back 70

-outermost shell
-determines bonding

Front 71

what are chemical bonds?

Back 71

involve sharing, gaining, and losing electrons in the valence shell

Front 72

what are the three major types of chemical bonds?

Back 72

ionic
covalent
hydrogen

Front 73

what are ionic bonds?

Back 73

attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor)

Front 74

what are covalent bonds?

Back 74

strong electron bonds involving shared electrons

Front 75

what are hydrogen bonds?

Back 75

weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions

Front 76

what do chemical bonds form?

Back 76

molecules
compounds

Front 77

what are molecules?

Back 77

two or more atoms joined by strong bonds

example: oxygen (O2)

Front 78

what are compounds?

Back 78

two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds

example: water (H2O)

Front 79

what is a single covalent bond?

Back 79

sharing one pair of electrons

Front 80

what is a double covalent bond?

Back 80

sharing two pairs of electrons

Front 81

what is a triple covalent bond?

Back 81

sharing three pairs of electrons

Front 82

what is a nonpolar covalent bond?

Back 82

involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bomb have equal pull for electrons

Front 83

what is a polar covalent bond?

Back 83

involve the unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons

Front 84

what is involved in hydrogen bonds?

Back 84

involve slightly positive and slightly negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another

Front 85

what do hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules cause?

Back 85

surface tension

Front 86

what are the states of matter?

Back 86

solid
liquid
gas

Front 87

what is a solid?

Back 87

a state of matter with a constant volume and shape

Front 88

what is a liquid?

Back 88

a state of matter with a constant volume but changes shape

Front 89

what is a gas?

Back 89

a state of matter that changes volume and shape

Front 90

what is molecular weight?

Back 90

the sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms

example:
H = about 1
O = about 16
H2 = about 2
H2O= about 18

Front 91

what are reactants?

Back 91

materials going into a reaction
what you would start with

Front 92

what are products?

Back 92

materials coming out of a reaction

Front 93

what is metabolism?

Back 93

all of the reactions that are occurring at one time

Front 94

what is energy?

Back 94

the power to do work

Front 95

what is work?

Back 95

a change in mass or distance

Front 96

what is kinetic energy?

Back 96

energy of motion

Front 97

what is potential energy?

Back 97

stored energy

Front 98

what is chemical energy?

Back 98

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Front 99

what is decomposition reaction?

Back 99

breaks chemical bonds

AB -> A + B

Front 100

what is another word of decomposition reaction?

Back 100

catabolism

Front 101

what is synthesis reaction?

Back 101

forms chemical bonds

A + B -> AB

Front 102

what is another word for synthesis reaction?

Back 102

anabolism

Front 103

what is exchange reaction?

Back 103

involves decomposition first, then synthesis

AB + CD -> AD + CB

Front 104

what is reversible reaction?

Back 104

a reaction that occurs simultaneously in both directions

AB <--> A + B

Front 105

what are enzymes?

Back 105

-protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions
-chemical reactions in cells cannot start without help of enzymes

Front 106

what is activation energy?

Back 106

the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

Front 107

what is an exothermic/exergonic reaction?

Back 107

produce more energy than they use

little energy -> a lot of energy

Front 108

what is endergonic/endothermic reaction?

Back 108

use more energy than they produce

a lot of energy -> little energy

Front 109

what are nutrients?

Back 109

essential molecules obtained from food

required for life

Front 110

what are metabolites?

Back 110

molecules made or broken down in the body

participants in metabolism

Front 111

what is inorganic?

Back 111

-molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
-carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts

Front 112

what is organic?

Back 112

molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Front 113

how much total body weight does water account for?

Back 113

two-thirds

Front 114

what is a solution?

Back 114

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Front 115

what is solubility?

Back 115

water's ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution

Front 116

why is water reactivity?

Back 116

most body chemistry occurs in water

Front 117

why is water's high heat capacity important?

Back 117

water's ability to absorb and retain heat
can cool/warm body efficiently

Front 118

why is water's lubrication important?

Back 118

helps moisten and reduce friction

Front 119

what are hydration spheres?

Back 119

polar water forms these around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in a solution

Front 120

what are electrolytes?

Back 120

inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

Front 121

why is electrolyte imbalance bad?

Back 121

can seriously disturb vital body functions

Front 122

describe hydrophilic

Back 122

-hydro=water, philos=loving
-interacts with water
-includes ions and polar molecules

Front 123

describe hydrophobic

Back 123

-phobos=fear
-does not interact with water
-includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils

Front 124

what is a colloid?

Back 124

a solution of very large organic molecules
for example, blood plasma

Front 125

what is a suspension?

Back 125

a solution in which particles settle (sediment)
for example, whole blood

Front 126

what is concentration?

Back 126

the amount of solute in a solvent
(mol/L,mg/mL)

Front 127

what is pH?

Back 127

the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solutions

Front 128

what is neutral pH?

Back 128

a balance of H+ and OH-
pure water = 7.0

Front 129

what is the pH of human blood?

Back 129

ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

Front 130

describe acid

Back 130

pH lower than 7.0
high hydrogen ion concentration
low hydroxide ion concentration
proton donor
strong acids dissociate completely in solution

Front 131

describe basic/alkaline

Back 131

pH higher than 7.0
low hydrogen ion concentration
high hydroxide ion concentration
proton acceptor
strong bases dissociate completely in solution

Front 132

describe the pH scale

Back 132

-has an inverse relationship with hydrogen ion concentration
-more hydrogen ions means lower pH
-less hydrogen ions means higher pH

Front 133

what are salts?

Back 133

solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Front 134

what is a buffer?

Back 134

weak acid/salt compounds
neutralizes either strong acids or strong bases

Front 135

what is antacids?

Back 135

a basic compound that neutralizes acid and forms a salt
tums, Rolaids, etc

Front 136

what is a monosaccharide?

Back 136

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 137

what is a disaccharide?

Back 137

two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
sucrose, maltose

Front 138

what is polysaccharides?

Back 138

many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
glycogen, starch, cellulose

Front 139

what is a lipid?

Back 139

mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 140

list some lipids

Back 140

fatty acids
eicosanoids
glycercides
steroids
phospholipds and glycolipids

Front 141

what are fatty acids?

Back 141

long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end

Front 142

what is a saturated fatty acid?

Back 142

has no covalent bonds

Front 143

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Back 143

one or more double bonds

Front 144

what is leukotrienes?

Back 144

a type of eicosanoid (lipid) that's active in the immune system

Front 145

what is prostaglandins?

Back 145

a type of eicosanoid (lipid) that are local hormones and have short-chain fatty acids

Front 146

what are glycerides?

Back 146

fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Front 147

what are triglycerides?

Back 147

the three fatty acid tails that are an important energy source, protection, and insulation

Front 148

what are steroids?

Back 148

type of lipid that has four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups

Front 149

what are phospholipids and glycolipids?

Back 149

generally, both have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails and are structural lipids, components of plasma (cell) membranes

Front 150

what are proteins?

Back 150

the most abundant and important organic molecule

Front 151

what are the seven major protein functions?

Back 151

support
movement
transport
buffering
metabolic regulation
coordination and control
defense

Front 152

describe the structure of proteins

Back 152

long chains of amino acids

Front 153

how do you hook up amino acids together?

Back 153

requires dehydration synthesis, producing a peptide bond

Front 154

list the four shapes of proteins

Back 154

primary structures
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

Front 155

describe primary structure

Back 155

type of protein shape, the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide

Front 156

describe secondary structure

Back 156

a type of protein shape, hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats, helix

Front 157

describe tertiary structure

Back 157

a type of protein shape, secondary structure folds into a unique shape, blob

Front 158

describe quaternary structure

Back 158

the final protein shape, several tertiary structures together, complex blob

Front 159

what are fibrous proteins?

Back 159

proteins with structural sheets or strands

Front 160

what are globular proteins?

Back 160

soluble spheres with active functions
protein function is based on shape

Front 161

what are catalysts?

Back 161

proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

Front 162

what is a cofactor?

Back 162

an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind

Front 163

what are coenzymes?

Back 163

nonprotein organic cofactors (vitamins)

Front 164

what are isozymes?

Back 164

two enzymes that can catalyse the same reaction

Front 165

what is denaturation?

Back 165

loss of shape and function of enzyme function due to heat of pH
can't change back

Front 166

what are glycoproteins?

Back 166

large protein + small carbohydrates

includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production

Front 167

what are proteoglycans?

Back 167

large polysaccharides + polypeptides
promote viscosity
joints

Front 168

what are nucleic acids?

Back 168

large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level

Front 169

what are the functions of DNA?

Back 169

-determines inherited characteristics
-directs protein synthesis
-controls enzyme production
-controls metabolism

Front 170

what is the function of RNA?

Back 170

controls intermediate steps of protein synthesis

Front 171

what are nucleotides?

Back 171

the building blocks of dna and rna

have three molecular parts:
-a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C, or U)

Front 172

what are the types of rna?

Back 172

messenger rna
transfer rna
ribosomal rna

Front 173

what is adp?

Back 173

adenosine diphosphate
two phosphate groups

adding a phosphate group to adp with a high-energy bond to form the high-energy compound atp

Front 174

what is atp?

Back 174

adenosine triphosphate
three phosphate groups

Front 175

what is atpase?

Back 175

the enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation (the addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule)

Front 176

what is metabolic turnover

Back 176

lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities

Front 177

what is cell theory?

Back 177

-cells are building blocks of all plants and animals
-all cells come from division of preexisting cells
-cells are smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
-each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

Front 178

what is a hyploid cell?

Back 178

sex cells
-reproductive
-male sperm
-female oocyte

Front 179

what is a diploid cell?

Back 179

somatic cell
all body cells except sex cells

Front 180

what is extracellular/interstitial fluid

Back 180

cell is surrounded by this water medium

plama membrane separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

Front 181

what are the functions of plasma membrane?

Back 181

physical isolation
regulates exchange with environment
monitors the environment
structural support

Front 182

describe the membrane lipids of cells

Back 182

double layer of phospholipid molcules
hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails

Front 183

what are integral proteins?

Back 183

membrane proteins within the membrane

Front 184

what are peripheral proteins?

Back 184

membrane proteins bound to inner/outer surface of membrane

Front 185

what are anchoring proteins?

Back 185

membrane proteins attached to inside/outside structures

Front 186

what is the function of glycocalyx

Back 186

lubrication and protection
anchoring and locomotion
specificity in binding

Front 187

describe cytosol

Back 187

dissolved materials
high potassium/low sodium
high protein
high carb/low fat

Front 188

describe nonmembranous organelles

Back 188

non membrane
direct contact with cytosol
includes cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes

Front 189

describe cytoskeleton

Back 189

structural proteins for shape and strength

Front 190

describe microfilaments

Back 190

thin filaments in cytoskeleton composed of protein actin

Front 191

describe intermediate filaments

Back 191

filaments in cytoskeleton that are durable and stabilize organelles and cell position

Front 192

describe microtubules

Back 192

large, hollow tubes in cytoplasm made of tubulin protein
strengthen cell and anchor organelles

Front 193

describe microvilli

Back 193

increase surface area for absorption
attatch to cytoskeleton

Front 194

describe centrioles

Back 194

form spindle apparatus during cell division

Front 195

describe cilia

Back 195

small hair-like extensions
move fluids (mucus) across cell surface

Front 196

describe ribosomes

Back 196

build polypeptides in protein synthesis

free - manufactures proteins for cell
fixed - manufactures proteins for secretion

Front 197

describe proteasomes

Back 197

contain enzymes
disassemble damaged proteins for recycling

Front 198

what are functions of endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 198

synthesis of proteins, carbs, and lipids
storage of synthesized molecules
transport of materials within ER
detoxification of drugs/toxins

Front 199

what is smooth er?

Back 199

no ribosomes attached
synthesizes lipids and carbs

Front 200

what is rough er?

Back 200

surface covered with ribosomes
active in protein synthesis

Front 201

what is Golgi apparatus

Back 201

"UPS of cell"
modify and package products for exocytosis

Front 202

what are lysosomes

Back 202

clean up inside of cells