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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylum Chordata
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Triploblastic, segmented eucolomates
-Deuturostomes -Bilateral Symmetry -Endoskeleton -Made of hydroxyapatite -not CaCO3 |
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Chordate characteristics
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-Dorsal hollow nerve chord
-Notochord (stiffens longitudinal axis of body). -Pharyngeal gill slits -post-anal tail |
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Chordate taxonomy
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-3 subphyla
based on: -position of notochord -persistance of "big four" traits |
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Subphylum Urochordata
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-notochord confined to larva's tail
-only slotted pharynx persists -larvae swim, adults sedentary -both filter feeders |
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Cephalochordates (lancelets)
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-notochord to tip of head
-all of big four persist through life -retain same basic form though life |
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subphylum vertebrate
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-Notochord through tail and trunk
-notochord stops at head -persistance of "big four" traits varies from class to class -most show developmental metamorphosis -embryo and adult may differ significantly -classes show tremendous lifestyle diversity |
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Vertebrate features
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-Tripartite brain
-forebrain (most variable from group to group) -midbrain (relay station) -hindbrain -eyes with lenses -skull and vertebral column -ventral heart -chambered -myogenic -separate liver and pancreas -true kidneys with nephrons -bilayer skin -epidermis -dermis |
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Major Vertebrate groups
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-Fish
-Tetrapods |
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Traditional classes of fish
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-Agnatha (jawless fish)
-Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) -Osteichthyes (bony fish) |
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Agnatha (cyclostomes)
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-Lack jaws
-Lack paired fins -Lack dermal scales -divided into 2 major groups -myxinoidea-hagfish -petromyzontiodea-lampreys |
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Chondrichthyes
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-have jaws
-have paired fins -dave dermal (placoid) scales -Two major groups -Elasmobranchi-shark, skates and rays -Holocephali-chimeras or ratfish -Holocephali |
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Osteichthyes
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-have bony skeletons, opercula and swim bladders
-phylums most diverse class-over 40 orders -divided into three major groups -Actinopterygii-ray-finned bone fish -Actinistia-colecarths -lobe finned fish->ancestors to tetrapods -Dipnoi -lung fish |
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Class Tetrapods
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-Amphibia-anamniotic
-Mammalia-furry endotherms -Reptilia-amniotic, but w/o mammary glands |
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Do amphibians have an amnion?
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Amnion->waterproof membrane around embryo...AMPHIPIANS don't have this!!
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Amphibia-gen. characteristics
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-smooth moist skin
-breath partly by diffusion -permeable to water and gas -ureotelic with mesonephric kidneys -reabsorb some water before excreting -Eggs permeable to water and gases -Aquatic larvae after develop in the environment -Ectothermic -body temp varies w/ambient temp - |
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Amphibian orders
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*Caudata* (salamanders, sirens, newts, etc..)
--usually four legged (some have 2) *Gymnophiona* (caecilians) --legless --ancestors looked similar to salamanders *Anura* (frogs and toads) --Anura=without tails --Tail-less, hoping or jumping amphibians |
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Nephridia
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more primitive (not in chordates)
-nephosure pull in body fluids -tubule transports soft back into blood -salts (the water) are |
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Nephrons
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-replace nephridia in vertabrates
-filter blood, not body fluids -requires higher blood pressure |
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Responsiveness (aquatic)
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-Tripartite brain, dorsal nerve chord
-tactile and chemoreceptors -vestibular and visual senses -well developed axial muscles -fin for steering |
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Responsiveness to environment (terrestrial)
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-Tripartite brain, dorsal nerve chord
-tactile and chemoreceptors -vestibular and visual senses -well developed axial muscles -also appendicular muscle |
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Reproduction (aquatic)
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-Sexual dioecious
-protandry in some -lack amnion -mostly oviparous -some ovoviviparous |
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Reproduction (terrestrial)
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-sexual, dioecious
-parthenogenic->release diploid egg, basically a clone -whiptail lizard -amniotic eggs (exeption: amphibian) -Mostly oviparous/usually internal fertilization -ovoviviparous & viviparous |
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viviparous
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bringing forth living young rather than eggs
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ovoviviparous
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Ovoviviparous is a zoological term that refers to animals that produce eggs but retain them inside the female body until hatching occurs
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How did vertabrates go from filter feeders to predators?
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-JAWS
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Vertebrates...how did they get terrestrial??
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-lungs
-limbs -water retaining adaptions |
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Vertebrates ectothermy to endothermy
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-Metabolic changes
-physiologic -insulation |
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vertebrates filter feeders->predators
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-preadaptations
-post anal tails -undulatory swimming -notochord->cartilage spine->bony spine -increase stiffness-> increase undulation -Other later adaptations |
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vertebrates filter feeders->predators....other later adaptions
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-opposable jaws
-paired fins -increase maneuverability -swim bladder - buoyancy -operculum -increase efficiency |
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Water to land: Reptile unique features
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-water "proof" skin (stratum corneum)
-Exploiting new foods -specialized jaws -endosymbionts in gut (these break down cellulose) -Efficient excretion -metanephric kidneys -urico or ureotelic excretion -absorbs fecal water |
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Ecto->Endothermy
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-faster metabolism
-generates heat -insulation fur or feathers -four chambered hearts, efficient lungs -specialized teeth/beaks -improves food processing -k selected reproductive strategies |
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•Reptilia 1: Reptiles
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o Dry, stratum corneum
• Epidermal scales • Scales like shingles o Uricotelic w/metanephric kidneys • White part:uric acid. black part feces • Efficient at water reabsorbtion o Soft shelled eggs with amnion • Amniotes • Embryos develop w/in eggs • Eggs softer than bird eggs...less calcium o Ectothermic or endothermic • Modern reptiles • Dinosaurs and birds |
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•Reptilian orders
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Testudines-turtles, terrapins and tortoises
Rhynchocephalia-tuataras Squamata-lizards and allies ---Suborder Sauria- lizards and glass lizards ---Suborder Amphisbaenia –worm lizards ---Order Ophidia-snakes Crocodilia-crocodiles, alligators, gavials |
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•Reptillia 2: aves
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Stratum corneum covered with feathers
---Main function-insulation Uricotelic w/metanapheric kidneys Hard shelled eggs with amnion ---Precocial chicks develop quite fully before hatching ---Altricial chicks hkatch prematurely and are helpless Body temperatures remains constant ---Energy generated internally ---Eggs must be incubated Forelimbs modified into wings ---Results in bipedal stance Body density is reduced ---Some bones are fused ---Others are hollow ---Membranous air sacs inside of them --- Air sacs connect to flow through lungs Jaws modified into a beak --- Prehistoric |
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•Avian taxonomy
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Most diverse tetrapods; 28 orders
Two major groups Paleognathae -More ancient -Ratites (ostriches, rheas, emus, cassowaries and kiwis) -Tinamous (quail-like south American birds) -----Weak flyers -Neognathae -----All other modern birds |
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• Class Mammalia
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Stratum corneum covered with fur
Embryo (in most) develops w/in female ---Embryos are enclosed in an amnion Body temperature reamains constant ---Energy generated internally Mammary glands secrete milk to nourish young Dentition (tooth type and number) varies with diet |
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o Prototheria (monotremes)
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• Egg-laying mammals w/o nipples
• Young nourished by egg yolk |
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o Metatheria (marsupials)
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(marsupials)
• Young born very prematurely • Development completed in pouch |
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Mammals and amphibians...Ureo or uricotelic?
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Ureotelic
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Reptiles and Birds Ureo or uricotelic?
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uricotelic
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Eutheria
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placenta mammals
-retain young until well developed -nutrients via milk |
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Gas Exchange: Agnatha
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pouched gills
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Gas Exchange: chondrichtyes
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septal gills
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Gas Exchange:Osteichthyes:
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opercular gills
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Gas Exchange: amphibian larvae
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external gills
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Gas exchange: amphibia
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saccular lungs (not a lot of surface area)
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Gas exchange: Reptiles
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faveolar lungs (more surface area)
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Gas exchange:Mammals
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Alveolar lungs (even more SA)
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Gas exchange: Aves
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flow through lungs
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Nutrient acquisition (Aquatic)
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-Filter feeders
-predation/scavenging -suction feeding -feeding on vegetation |
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Nutrient acquisition
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-predation/scavenging
-feeding on vegatation |
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Digestion (aquatic)
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-complete w/compartments
-liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
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Digestion (terrestrial)
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-complete w/compartments
-liver, gall bladder, pancreas -rumen or cecum (cellulose digestion) |
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Transport of nutrients & gas (aquatic)
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-ventral, myogenic heart
-2 pumping chambers (fish) -single circuit closed circ. system |
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Transport (terrestrial)
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-3 or 4 chamber heart
-dual circuit closed circ. system |
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Excretion/osmoregulation (aquatic)
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-mesonephric kidney w/nephrons
-Ammono or ureotelic |
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Excretion/osmoregulation (terrestrial)
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metanephric kidney w/ nephrons
-Ureotelic and uricotelic |
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Responsiveness (aquatic)
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-tripartite brain, dorsal hollow nerve chord
-tactile and chemoreceptors -vestibular and visual sense -well developed axial muscle -fins for steering |
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Responsiveness (terrestrial)
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-tripartite brain, dorsal hollow nerve chord
-tactile and chemoreceptors -vestibular and visual sense -well developed axial muscle -appendicular muscles -limbs for crawling/running -convolutions increase S.A in brian |
