Zoo Lab Practical 1

Front 1

5 unique features of the chordates

Back 1

1. pharyngeal pouches or slits
2. endostyle
3. notochord
4. dorsal, tubular nerve chord
5. postanal tail

Front 2

urochordata

Back 2

tunicates

juveniles-free swimmers and have all 5 char

adults-attach to adhesive papilla and metamorphosis and lose tail

Front 3

cephalochordata

Back 3

amphioxus

burrow in sandy floor

pharyngeal slits-filter feeding

Front 4

additional characteristics that classify the craniates

Back 4

1. neural crest
2. neurogenic placodes
3. braincase/cranium
4. complex sense organs
5. cranial nerves
6. tripartite brain
7. gills
8. heart
9. hemoglobin

Front 5

difference between lamprey larvae and amphioxus

Back 5

subpharyngeal gland is embryonically identical but

amphioxus uses for respiration and filter feeding. lamprey uses it for only filter feeding

.:. amphioxus=50+ slits
ammocoete=6-8 slits

Front 6

neotony

Back 6

the slowing of physiological processes, resulting in an organism's maturation in the presence of juvenile characteristcs in the adult form

Front 7

chondrichthyes includes..

Back 7

cartilaginous gnathostomes...sharks, skates, rays, chimeras

Front 8

actinopterygii includes..

Back 8

ray-finned fishes

Front 9

sarcopterygii includes..

Back 9

lobe-finned fishes

Front 10

functions of skin

Back 10

-protection of and support for internal rogans
-exchange and transport of gases, salts, ions, water
-coloration for camouflage or warning
-own complex ecosystem of viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, mites, other arthropods

Front 11

epidermis

Back 11

outermost layer and is composed of epithelial cells that are derived from the ectoderm

rests on basal lamina

Front 12

dermis

Back 12

located below the basal lamina

composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue derived developmentally from mesenchymal cells

contains GLANDS and HAIR

less cells than epidermis

Front 13

hypodermis

Back 13

contains subcutaneous tissues including fat, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 14

stratum germinativum

Back 14

-epidermis
- just above the basal lamina
-one or two layers of basal stem cells
-these cells continually multiply and differentiate (how epidermis is continually renewed)

Front 15

stratum corneum

Back 15

epidermis

outer layer of dead epidermal cells in terrestrial vertebrates

located on skin surface

can produce keratin

Front 16

epidermally derived structures

Back 16

hair, epidermal scales, scutes, feathers, claw, nails, tomia (beaks of turtles and birds), hooves, horn sheaths, baleen, enamel, glands

**all above are made from keratin EXCEPT glands and enamel

Front 17

stratum laxum

Back 17

-top layer of dermis

- collagen cells here

Front 18

stratum compactum

Back 18

bottom layer of dermis

collagen cells here

Front 19

dermally derived structures

Back 19

dermal scales (fishes), cranial bones, dentine, osteoderms, bony armor, antlers, crapace of turtles

**structures derived from dermis are bony

Front 20

actinopterygii skin

Back 20

-scales derived from dermis
- cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid scales

Front 21

cycloid scales

Back 21

-in actinopterygii fish

Front 22

ctenoid scales

Back 22

-in actinopterygii fish
- look like cycloid scales, but have microscopic spikes (cteni) at the posterior end of the scale and form a comb

Front 23

ganoid scales

Back 23

-in actinopterygii fish
- diamond shaped and heaver
-restricted to more primitive fishes (gars, sturgeon, birchirs)

Front 24

chondrichthyes skin

Back 24

-only dermal parts left:
-placoid scales, fin spines, teeth

Front 25

placoid scales

Back 25

-only in chondrichthyes
-dermal
-thin layer of enameloid covers each scale

Front 26

lissamphibian skin

Back 26

-mucus glands well developed to make moist, flexible skin
- mucus and granular glands found in dermal layer but are epidermal derivitives

Front 27

important function of amphibian skin

Back 27

regulation of water and gas exchange

Front 28

chromatophores of fish, amphibians, reptiles derived from?

Back 28

derived from embryonic neural crest

they have migrated into the integument during development

(are called melanocytes in birds and mammals)

Front 29

stratum cornem of sauropsids

Back 29

-think layer of dead, keratin-filled cells
- keratin helps reduce abrasion and lipids help avoid water loss

-dead cells are continually replaced by stratum germinativum

Front 30

scales of sauropsids derived from?

Back 30

epiderms

(unlike bony fishes who are derived from dermis)

Front 31

osteoderms

Back 31

-dermally derived
-on crocodiles
-but covered with an epidermal layer

Front 32

feathers

Back 32

-for flight, thermoregulation, behavioral display
-epidermally derived
-modified scales

Front 33

contour feathers

Back 33

form the outline of the body of a bird, giving and aerodynamic shape
-all of the feathers of the outer body and the wings and tail
-provide lift during flight

Front 34

downy feathers

Back 34

under plummage of birds

below contour feathers

main function: insulation

Front 35

bristle feathers

Back 35

usually on head or neck, around mouth or eyelids

can be sensory

Front 36

hair

Back 36

epidermal but NOT homologous to scales and feathers

Front 37

typical epidermal derivatives of mammals

Back 37

1. mammary glands
2. sebaceous glands
3. sweat glands
4. claws
5. nails
6. horn sheaths

Front 38

horns

Back 38

hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis that embrace a core of dermal bone

Front 39

stages of chick embryo development

Back 39

Hamburger Hamilton Stages

Front 40

three embryological divisions of brain

Back 40

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombenceophalon (hindbrain)

Front 41

phylotypic stage

Back 41

stage within vertebrate development characterized by low phenotypic diversity

Front 42

cephalization

Back 42

tendency in the evolution of organisms to concentrate the sensory and neural organs in the anterior head region

Front 43

cranial skeleton

Back 43

includes: braincase, cartilages and bones that support mouth and gills

responsible for assisting and acquiring food and for providing a respiratory passageway for water and/or air

Front 44

endochondral bone

Back 44

replacement bone that is laid down on a cartilaginous template during development

usually from bones deeper within the body

Front 45

chondrocranium

Back 45

functions mainly to protect the brain

in most vertebrates is is ossified and is replaced with endochrondral bone

Front 46

splanchnocranium

Back 46

any element of the cranial skeleton that is derived from a visceral arch

ancestral function:aid in respiration

no part of feeding apparatus (makes jaws)

in most verts it is ossified and replaced with endochondral bone

Front 47

dermatocranium

Back 47

overall encasement

any dermal bone that superficially encases the head region

Front 48

braincase of jawless craniates

Back 48

- pharyngeal cavity enclosed by visceral arches that form the branchial basket
-cartilage

Front 49

branchial arches

Back 49

last 5 visceral arches

Front 50

gnathostomes: first arch

Back 50

first arch: mandibular arch (forms jaws)

palatoquadrate: upper jaw

Meckel's cartilage: lower jaw

Front 51

gnathostomes: second arch

Back 51

hyoid arch

hyomandibular: top(dorsal)

Front 52

primitive autostylic

Back 52

palatoquadrate firmly connected to the base of the chondrocranium

Front 53

amphistylic suspension

Back 53

palatoquadrate has multiple articulations with the chondrocranium and the hyomandiublar acts as a prop at the caudal end of the palatoquadrate

-early chondrichthyes and bony fishes

Front 54

hyostylic suspension

Back 54

palatoquadrate has lost its connection with the chondrocranium and the hyomandibular now acts as the sole support for the jaw

-allows for protrusion of jaw from mouth

-advanced chondrichthyans and bony fishes

Front 55

secondary autostylic

Back 55

palatoquadrate is fused or firmly attached to the chondrocranium with the hyomandibular assuming other functions

-lungfishes, tetrapods

Front 56

chondrichthyes suspension

Back 56

hyostylic suspension

Front 57

spiracle

Back 57

the first gill slit (located between the mandibular and hyoid arches) and is shifted dorsally

benthic species

Front 58

cranial skeleton of chondrichthyes

Back 58

lacks a dermatocranium (the only bony dermal elements are teeth and placoid scales)

Front 59

actinopterygii first arch

Back 59

top: quadrate (ossified)
bottom: articular (ossified)

these two bones articulate with eachother and form the jaw joint in all jawed vertebrates (except mammals)

Front 60

actinopterygii suspension

Back 60

hyostylic

Front 61

jaw artriculation occurs between which bones in lissamphibians?

Back 61

quadrate and articular

Front 62

lissamphibians second arch

Back 62

dorsal: columella (conducts sound)

ventral: hyoid apparatus (provides surfaces for muscular attachment in floor of mouth)

Front 63

columella

Back 63

the hyomandibular of fish has become modified for form this rod-shaped columella which conducts sound

-in lissamphibians

Front 64

tympanic membrane

Back 64

-lissamphibians
-covers the middle ear cavity that waas formed from the first gill slit
-receives sound waves and transmits them to the inner ear via the columella

Front 65

occipital condyles in amphibians

Back 65

2 at the posterior end of the braincase

Front 66

postorbital temporal fenestra

Back 66

unique feature of amniote lineage

pairs of large holes in the side of the skull

function: allow muscles to expande and to lengthen, so stronger jaws

Front 67

sauropsid occipital condyles, jaw articulation and suspension

Back 67

a single pair of occipital condyles

quadrate/articular articulation

secondary autostylic suspension

**columella also present

Front 68

anapsid

Back 68

dermal roof has no temporal fenestra

-testudine (turtles)

Front 69

diapsid

Back 69

presence of two postorbital temporal fenestra (2 openings in the dermal roof)

-lepidosaurs, archosaurs

Front 70

cranial kinesis

Back 70

movement of parts of the skull, exclusive of the lower jaw, relative to eachother

-squamates

Front 71

bird jaws composed of

Back 71

maxillaries and premaxillaries in the upper jaw

at least 5 bones in lower jaw

Front 72

birds have how many occipital condyles

Back 72

one

Front 73

synapsid

Back 73

a single postorbital temporal fenestra

mammals

Front 74

trend in mammalian braincase

Back 74

fusion and reduction

Front 75

dentary

Back 75

lower jaw of mammals, articulates with the squamosal of the braincase

Front 76

mammals: first arch

Back 76

became middle ear ossicles

-malleus ("articular" bone)
-incus ("quadrate" bone)

Front 77

stapes

Back 77

in mammals, the columella (second arch) evolved to the stapes in mammals

Front 78

mammals: arches 2 and 3

Back 78

contribute to hyoid apparatus

Front 79

mammals: arches 4 and 5

Back 79

contribute to the laryngeal cartilages

Front 80

how many occipital condyles in mammals?

Back 80

2, and are secondarily derived

Front 81

vertebrate teeth defined based on (3)

Back 81

1. overall shape
2. number of replacement sets
3. how they are anchored in the jaw

Front 82

tooth shapes

Back 82

heterodont
homodont

Front 83

homodont

Back 83

teeth that are the same overall shape and size

-fish, amphibians, sauropsids, some mammals (toothed whales)

Front 84

heterodont

Back 84

teeth that vary in size and shape

-mammals, and venomous snakes

Front 85

mammalian teeth types

Back 85

-incisors
-canines
-premolars
-molars

Front 86

carnasials

Back 86

enlarged cheek teeth in both upper and lower jaws that are used to shear meat

-in carnivores

Front 87

where are the carnasials?

Back 87

upper carnasials: last premolars

lower carnasials: first molars

Front 88

replacement sets of teeth

Back 88

-aphyodont
-monophyodont
-diphyodont
-polyphyodont

Front 89

aphyodont

Back 89

verts that have no teeth

-turtles, birds, some mammals

Front 90

monophyodont

Back 90

verts that have only one set of teeth throughout their life

-some mammals (shrews and moles), tuataras

Front 91

diphyodont

Back 91

two sets of teeth

-many mammals (especially carnivores and primates)

-all milk teeth replaced by adult teeth, except for molars that come in adulthood

Front 92

polyphyodont

Back 92

teeth continually replaced as they fall out

chondrichthyans, osteichthyians, most amphibians, almost all sauropsids (no birds)

Front 93

tooth attachment

Back 93

-acrodont
-pleurodont
-thecodont
-none

Front 94

no tooth attachment

Back 94

chondrichthyans, most osteichthyans, most amphibians

teeth not anchored in place, but loosely attached by connective tissue

Front 95

acrodont

Back 95

teeth cemented directly to the surface of the jaw ridge

-some lizards, tuatara, some amphibians, few bony fish

Front 96

pleurodont

Back 96

teeth that are loosely anchored within a groove on the medial surface of the jaw

-most lizards and snakes

Front 97

thecodont

Back 97

teeth that grow from bony sockets in the jaw

-mammals, crocodilians

Front 98

axial skeleton composed of

Back 98

-notochord
-vertebral column
-median fins
-ribs
-sternum

Front 99

appendicular skeleton includes

Back 99

-paired fins and limbs
-the girdles to which they attach

Front 100

centrum shapes

Back 100

-amphicoelous
-procoelous
-opisthocoelous
-acoelous
-heterocoelous

Front 101

amphicoelous

Back 101

centra that are concave on both ends

Front 102

procoelous

Back 102

anterior (cranial) surface of the centrum is concave

Front 103

opisthocoelous

Back 103

the posterior end of the centrum is concave

Front 104

acoelous

Back 104

both surfaces of the centrum are flat

Front 105

heterocoelous

Back 105

ends are saddle shaped centra

-birds

Front 106

zygapophyses

Back 106

extend backwards and forwards from neural arches of each vertebrae

-increases the resistance to twisting

Front 107

postzygapophyses

Back 107

posterior

Front 108

prezygapophyses

Back 108

anterior

Front 109

cervical vertebrae

Back 109

vert in the nect

identifiable by the lateral transverse foramina

Front 110

thoracic vertebrae

Back 110

have facets to support ribs and are characterized by spinous processes (that are usually longer than the transverse processes)

Front 111

lumbar vertebrae

Back 111

support the lower back

have large transverse processes

rather robust in most mammals

Front 112

sacral vertebrae

Back 112

help support the pelvis and are typically fused into a characteristic shape

Front 113

caudal vertebrae

Back 113

found in the tail

have hemal crests or processes where the caudal artery and vein pass

Front 114

first vertebrae of amphibians and mammals articulates with

Back 114

TWO occipital condyles on the skull

Front 115

first vertebrae of sauropsids articulates with

Back 115

ONE occipital condyle

Front 116

earliest examples with true segmented vertebrae

Back 116

chondrichthyans

Front 117

chondrichthyes centra

Back 117

amphicoelous

Front 118

division of vertebral column of fishes

Back 118

trunk and tail vertebrae

Front 119

ribs function in fish

Back 119

transfer muscular force to the vertebral axis during lateral undulations while swimming

Front 120

vertebrae in caudal region in fish

Back 120

vert in the caudal region (posterior to the anal fin) are characterized by haemal (ventral) and neural (dorsal) spines projecting out of the centrum

Front 121

fish centra

Back 121

amphiocoelous

Front 122

atlas

Back 122

articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull

-frogs only have this cervical vert so no neck

Front 123

atlas/condyle joint in amphibians

Back 123

used to provide flexion between the cranium and body while jumping or feeding

Front 124

thoracolumbar vertebrae

Back 124

-amphibians

-no differentation between thoracic and lumbar vertebra

Front 125

atlas and axis

Back 125

all amiotes, including sauropsids (and mammals)

Front 126

turtle ribs

Back 126

the bony components of the carapace are simply large plates of dermal bone fused to the vertebrae and ribs

Front 127

clavicle and interclavicle of turtles

Back 127

-both dermal bone

-incorporated into the bony dermal plates of the plastron

Front 128

pectoral and pelvic girdles in turtles

Back 128

modified to fit within the shell

**pectoral girdle actually inside its ribs

Front 129

gastralia

Back 129

abdominal ribs that are of dermal origin

dorsal ribs

many sauropsids (ex crocodiles)

Front 130

uncinate processes

Back 130

structures that strengthen soem sauropsidian ribs

-birds, dinosaurs

Front 131

thoracic vs lumbar ribs in birds

Back 131

thoracic have thoracic ribs attached

lumbar have no ribs

Front 132

synsacrum

Back 132

the last few lumbar vertebrae, the sacral vertebrae, and the first few caudal vertebrae all fused as a single unit with the pelvis

-synsacrum usually fused to the thoracolumbar vertebrae

Front 133

trunk vertebrae of birds

Back 133

either thoracic or lumbar

Front 134

pygostyle

Back 134

in birds

the last few caudal vertebrae are fused to form the pygostyle

Front 135

uncinate processes in birds

Back 135

project as flat spurs from the caudal border of each rib and overlap the next rib posterior to it

Front 136

sternum

Back 136

-origin of flight muscles in birds

Front 137

keel

Back 137

point of attachment for flight muscles

size is correlated with the size of the flight muscles (how strong flap its wings, not flight ability)

Front 138

pubis

Back 138

in birds

thin splint of bone passing from the acetabulum (socket for articulation of femur) posteriorly along the ventral border of the ischium

Front 139

odontoid process

Back 139

articulates with the atlas and allows for the rotation-joint between it and the axis

found on the axis of mammals

articulation between atlas and axis

Front 140

how mammalian thoracic vertebrae articulate

Back 140

thoracic vertebrae posses ribs with articulate via costal cartilages

Front 141

lumbar vertebrae of mammals

Back 141

have large transverse processes that were embryonic ribs

Front 142

sacrum

Back 142

sacral vert of mammals fused to form this

Front 143

coccyx

Back 143

in tailless mammals, remaining caudal vertebrae fused and form coccyx

Front 144

ceratotrichia of chondrichthyes

Back 144

considered dermal derivatives

Front 145

actinopterygii and pelvic girdle attachment

Back 145

in actinopterygians, unlike in tetrapods, the pelvic girdle does NOT attach to the vertebral column

**pelvic girdle is endochondral

Front 146

crossopterygia

Back 146

fins of aquatic sarcopterygians are composed of a central axis of bone with branches off from it

fin is muscular and fleshy

Front 147

type of fin which tetrapod limbs evolved

Back 147

crossopterygia

Front 148

key feature of evolution of early tetrapods

Back 148

dissociation of the pectoral girdle from the skull

.:. head could move independently of trunk

Front 149

tetrapod forelimb consists of

Back 149

humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges

Front 150

tetrapod hind limb consists of

Back 150

femur
tibia,
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

Front 151

radioulna

Back 151

paired bones of the forearm fused to a single structure in amphibians

Front 152

tibiofibula

Back 152

paired bones of the lower hindlimb fused to a single structure in amphibians

Front 153

urostyle

Back 153

caudal vertebrae fused into a single unit

articulates with the rest of the spine at the sacroiliac joint which helps with jumping

frogs

Front 154

astragulus and calcaneum

Back 154

two tarsal elements

are enlarged to form a fourth functional segment to tetrapod limb

Front 155

all snakes have completely lost...

Back 155

pectoral girdle

Front 156

sprawling posture

Back 156

like a push up

most sauropsids (not birds)

Front 157

pectoral girdle of birds

Back 157

scapula parallel to the vertebral column and a stout coracoid bone extending to the sternum for stabilization

in birds

Front 158

glenoid fossa

Back 158

scapula and coracoid together

articulation of the head of the humerus

in birds

Front 159

furcula

Back 159

wishbone

adds spring during wing beats

in birds

Front 160

triosseal canal

Back 160

scapula, coracoid, furcula form walls of the triosseal canal

allow ventral muscles of sternum to pull wing dorsally

in birds

Front 161

wings are characterized by

Back 161

a reduction and fusion of the distal elements

in birds

Front 162

olecranon process

Back 162

forms the distal apex of the elbow

helps identify the ulna

in birds

Front 163

carpometacarpus

Back 163

other carpal elements have fused with the metacarpal elements to form this single, heart-shaped carpometacarpus

Front 164

pneumatic channels

Back 164

air sacs that run throughout many of the long bones of the birds

are in direct communication with respiratory passageway

Front 165

pneumatic bones

Back 165

in birds

make it possible for increasae in bone size for greater muscle attachment without an increase in mass

Front 166

pelvic limb skeleton of a bird contains:

Back 166

femur
fibula
tibiotarsus
tarsometatarsus
phalanges

Front 167

mesocrusal ankle

Back 167

in birds

major region of hindlimb flexion in birds is between tarsal elements (intratarsal) and not proximal to the tarsals as in most tetrapods

Front 168

parasagittal stance

Back 168

limbs positioned directly under the body, perpendicular to the ground

Front 169

epipubic bone

Back 169

extra set of bones attached to the pelvis that marsupials have

dermally derived

support the brood pouch and the muscles associated with the femur

Front 170

marsupium

Back 170

brood pouch

Front 171

types of locomotion

Back 171

plantigrade
unguligrade
digitigrade

Front 172

plantigrade

Back 172

the load is on the carpals or tarsals

ex humans

Front 173

digitigrade

Back 173

the load is on the phalanges and metacarpals or metatarsals

ex cat

Front 174

unguligrade

Back 174

the load is on the distal ends of the phalanges alone

ex cow
usually has hooves

Front 175

epaxial

Back 175

dorsal to lateral line

Front 176

hypaxial

Back 176

ventral to lateral line

Front 177

epibranchial

Back 177

above gill region

Front 178

hypobranchial

Back 178

below gill region

Front 179

branchiomeric

Back 179

pharynx wall

Front 180

muscle origin

Back 180

the body part to which the muscle is attached that remains stable relative to the muscle's contraction

Front 181

muscle insertion

Back 181

part of the body that is moved by the muscle's contraction

Front 182

3 ways muscles are named

Back 182

-origin/insertion
-function
-muscle shape

Front 183

flexion

Back 183

a movement of a distal limb segment towards a more proximal one; a bending of the limb that decreases the angle between the two segments

Front 184

extension

Back 184

the opposite of flexion; movement of a distal limb away from a proximal one; increases the angle between the two segments

causes a straightening

Front 185

protraction

Back 185

the forwad movement of the branchium or thigh at the shoulder or hip joints

Front 186

retraction

Back 186

the backward movement of the branchium or thigh at the shoulder or hip joints

Front 187

adduction

Back 187

the movement of a part towards some point of reference

*ADD back to the body

Front 188

abduction

Back 188

the movement of a part away from some point of reference

Front 189

rotation

Back 189

the movement of some bone around an axis

special cases are pronation and supination

Front 190

pronation

Back 190

a rotation of the radius around the ulna whereby the hand faces the ground

Front 191

supination

Back 191

a rotation that the palm faces upward