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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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common name of agnatha |
jawless fish |
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common name of chondrichthyes |
cartilagenous fish |
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common name of osteichthyes |
bony fish |
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common name of amphibia |
amphibians |
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common name of reptilia |
reptile |
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common name of aves |
birds |
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common name of mammalia |
mammals |
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representatives of agnatha |
lamprey |
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representatives of chondrichthyes |
shark skate ray dogfish |
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representatives of osteichthyes |
bowfin seahorse eel perch sunfish |
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representatives of amphibia |
mudpuppy frogs salamander |
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representatives of reptilia |
lizards snakes turtles crocs and alligators |
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representatives of aves |
crow chicken |
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representatives of mammalia |
humans rats cats platypus |
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general features of agnatha |
no teeth or teeth are made of keratin |
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general features of chondrichthyes |
jaws skeletons are made of cartilage |
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general features of osteichthyes |
aquatic thin fins |
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general features of amphibia |
smooth and moist skin live on land but require water to survive |
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general features of reptilia |
cold blooded scales breath air |
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general features of aves |
wings beaks feathers |
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general features of mammalia |
fur milk differentiated teeth endotherm amniotes |
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integument of agnatha |
no scales no hair |
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integument of chondrichthyes |
placoid scales (like sand paper) |
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integument of osteichthyes |
ganoid (lobe finned: overlapped) cycloid (circular) ctenoid scales derived from bone |
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integument of amphibia |
mucous gland |
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integument of reptilia |
shell scales (keratin) nails |
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integument of aves |
feathers nails/claws scales on legs |
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integument of mammalia |
skin hair nails |
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food getting and digestion of agnatha |
latch on to other organisms filter feed |
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food getting and digestion of chondricthyes |
predators closed digestive system |
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food getting and digestion of osteichthyes |
mouth jaws (seahorse has a fused jaw) |
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food getting and digestion of amphibia |
carnivores (young eat plants) |
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food getting and digestion of reptilia |
hetertrophs |
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food getting and digestion of aves |
high metabolism omnivores chemical mechanical(gizzard) |
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food getting and digestion of mammalia |
herbivores omnivores carnivores |
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circulatory system of agnatha |
2 chambered heart |
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circulatory system of chondrichthyes |
2 chambered heart closed circulatory system |
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circulatory system of osteichthyes |
systemic capillaries respiratory capillaries gills 2 atria partial septum |
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circulatory system of amphibia |
3 chambered heart ectotherms(cant control heat) |
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circulatory system of reptilia |
closed with 3 chambers 2 atria partially divided ventricle |
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circulatory system of aves |
endotherm 4 chambered heart 2 atria 2ventricles |
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circulatory system of mammalia |
closed 4 chambers 2 atria 2 ventricles |
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respiratory system of agnatha |
7 pairs of gills on each side |
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respiratory system of chondrichthyes |
gills (external) gill rakers (collect oxygen) |
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respiratory system of osteichthyes |
air sacs (lungs) nostrils only open to outside |
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respiratory system of amphibia |
breath through skin (cutaneous diffusion) need to be moist sometimes gills, sometimes lungs |
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respiratory system of reptiles |
lungs (in the shape of a pouch) |
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respiratory system of aves |
small lungs (with 9 air sacs in lungs) (help maintain body temp) |
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respiratory system of mammalia |
lungs |
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movement of agnatha |
use long whip like motion no fins |
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movement of chondrichthyes |
fins (heterocercal: top bigger than bottom) paired fins |
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movement of osteichthyes |
homocercal (symmetric) swim bladder (buoyancy) fins (paired and ray finned) |
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movement of amphibia |
4 legs webbed feet |
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movement of reptilia |
terrestrial and aquatic |
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movement of aves |
fly walk swim |
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movement of mammalia |
walk fly swim hop 4 appendages |
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reproduction of agnatha |
external |
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reproduction of chondricthyes |
internal reproduction some lay eggs, some internal with live birth |
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reproduction of osteichthys |
external fertilization separate sexes |
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reproduction of amphibia |
external fertilization metamorphosis eggs layed in water because there is no hard protective shell |
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reproduction of reptilia |
amniotic eggs (waterproof shell) internal fertilization |
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reproduction of aves |
internal fertilization amniotic eggs females only have one gonad which becomes enlarged and active only during breeding season |
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reproduction of mammalia |
monotremes (eggs) marsupials (underdeveloped young) placentals (fully developed) |
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what environment are agnatha found in? |
marine and freshwater |
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what is the purpose of the liver in chondrichthyes? |
acts as a sort of swim bladder full of oil |
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how to reptilia deal with living in dry environment? |
have keratinized scales which prevent drying out and is also waterproof |
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identify what each number represents |
1. neural tube 2. notochord 3. somite (paraxial mesoderm) 4. intermediate cell mass of mesoderm 5. somatic layer of mesoderm (a part of lateral mesoderm) 6. splanchic layer of mesoderm (part of lateral mesoderm) 7. ectoderm 8.endoderm 9. ceolom |
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three pairs of well developed sensory organs in chordata/vertebrata are |
visual auditory olfactory |
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what happens to the notochord in the early embryonic life of a chordate/vertebrate? |
it is replaced by the vertebral column made of bone or cartilage (remnants of notochord are present in the form of intervertebral disks) |
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segmentation of the body of chordates/vertebrates |
head neck trunk tail |
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paired appendage locations in chordates/vertebrates |
pectoral pelvic |
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are the axons of agnathans myelinated or unmyelinated? |
unmyelinated (like that seen in invertebrates) |
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gnathostomata |
jaws serially arranged vertebrae pectoral and pelvic girdles support paired fins myelinated neurons (lead to more rapid transmission of nerve impulses) |
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what is the purpose of chondrichthyes maintaining a high concentration of urea in their blood? |
keeps osmotic balance with sea water osmoregulation ability develops later on in embryonic development so the eggs cant simply be released in the sea |
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ways to deal with the problem of chondrichthyes not being able to osmoregulate when not fully developed: |
~surround the egg by an impervious case filled with isotonic fluid before depositing into the sea ~retain the eggs and embryos within the mother |
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oviparous |
egg laying |
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ovoviviparous |
retain fertilized eggs and have them hatch within the uterus |
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viviparous |
young develop in the uterus |
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do freshwater fish have a larger or smaller swim bladder? why? |
larger because freshwater is less buoyant than salt water |
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additional functions to swim bladder besides buoyancy |
connection with the ear to facilitate hearing abilities in the water sound producing |
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rare modern lobe finned fish |
coelacanth...gave rise to tetrapods |
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adaptations of lobe finned fish |
~internal openings to their nostrils (made it possible to breath air with closed mouth like modern lungfish) ~2 atria and partial septum (permitted partial separation of oxy. blood returning from the lungs and deoxy. blood returning from rest of body) ~an enzyme system to convert ammonia into less otxic urea (in water they excrete waste nitrogen as ammonia like most ray finned fish, but during drought they burrow in mud and switch to urea production) |
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amniote characteristics |
~amniotic egg ~exclusively internal fertilization. no larval stages. no metamorphosis ~ keratinized, waterproof epidermis ~claws and otehr elaborations of epidermis ~costal lung ventilation ~heart has partially or completely divided ventricle ~specialized axis (2nd vertebra) ~2 sacral vertebrae |
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4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotic egg |
chorion: serves for gas exchange amnion: surrounds the embryo with fluid allantois: serves for both gas exchange and to store metabolic wastes yolk sac: connected with the embryo via blood vessels and supplies the embryo with food |
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pneumatic bones |
thin hollow bones |
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furcula |
fused clavicles "wishbone" ...provides additional support for the shoulder girdle |
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keeled sternum |
carina to which the powerful flight muscles attach in aves |
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synsacrum |
fused pelvis and vertebrae in aves |
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tissue |
Organizedcollections of similar, specialized cells and the intercellular substancessurrounding them |
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4 types of tissues |
epithelial connective nervous muscle |
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histology |
the study of tissues |
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where are epithelial tissues found? |
outersurface (epidermis) lining inner surfaces of body cavities (peritoneum) lining the inner surface of tubular organs (endothelium) |
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function of epithelial tissue |
protection secretion absorption |
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shapes of epithelial cells |
squamous cuboidal columnar |
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stratified |
more than one layer of cells |
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simple |
one layer of cells |
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pseudostratified |
one layer of cells that appears to be stratified because there are multiple layers of nuclei present |
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where is connective tissue found? |
everywhere in the body |
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function of connective tissues |
providestrength elasticity support |
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what characterizes connective tissue? |
cellssurrounded by an extracellular matrix made up of protein fibers, collagen and elastic, embedded in ground substance |
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3 types of connective tissues |
soft hard special |
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3 subtypes of soft connective tissue |
loose dense regular dense irregular |
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2 subtypes of hard connective tissue |
bone cartilage |
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2 subtypes of special connective tissue |
blood adipose |
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major feature of muscle tissue is |
contractility |
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what two protein fibers are found in muscle tissue and what is their purpose? |
myosin and actin filaments ~key to the muscles ability to contract |
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3 types of muscle tissue |
skeletal cardiac smooth |
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skeletal muscle tissue basic info: |
closelyassociated with the skeletal system allows voluntary movement of the body The cells have darkly colored bands (striations) where the actin and myosinfibers overlap. Skeletal muscle cells do not divide in adult organisms |
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cardiac muscle tissue basic info: |
foundonly in the heart is under involuntary control Only cardiac muscle cells are branched inappearance have special cell to cell connections called intercalated disks. Striations are alsovisible in cardiac muscle cells. They also do not divide once maturity has beenreached. |
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intercalated disk |
special cell to cell connections found in cardiac muscle |
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smooth muscle basic info |
nostriations has a long, tapered shape found in the walls ofinternal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels is underinvoluntary nervous control. |
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function of nervous tissue |
coordination and control of all body systems receives,interprets and generates an appropriate response to external and internalstimuli |
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what is nervous tissue comprised of? |
brain spinal cord peripheral nerves |
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neuron |
basic unit of the nervous system do not divide in adult organisms |
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cell body |
contains the nucleus |
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dendrites |
processes that extend from cell body of neuron |
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hyaline cartilage |
smooth slick surface covering the bone |
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what are daphnia |
small, water dwelling crustaceans AKA water fleas |
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taxonomy of dapnhia |
phylum Arthropoda subphylum Crustacea ClassBranchiopoda |
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daphnia |
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control in daphnia experiment |
the daphnia |
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independent variable in daphnia experiment |
solution the daphnia is exposed to (5% ethanol, 10% ethanol, water, .5% caffeine, 20% caffeine) |
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dependent variable in daphnia experiment |
the heart rate of daphnia |
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what was the effect that ethanol had on daphnia |
slowed heart rate |
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what was the affect of caffeine on daphnia |
increased heart rate |
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anterior |
toward the front of the pig |
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posterior |
towards the rear of the pig |
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cranial |
head region |
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caudal |
tail/butt region |
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what structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? |
diaphragm |
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how to know if the fetal pig is male: |
one anal opening lack urogenital papilla urogenital opening is just posterior to umbilical cord |
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how to know if the fetal is female: |
urogenital pappilla (ventral to anus) urogenital and digestive tracts exit at the anal region anus is between the tail and urogenital opening |
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purpose of the tongue |
swallowing chewing sensing food |
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sensory papillae |
where chemical sensation occurs (taste buds...visible)
Taste cells within buds detect chemical features that the brain interprets as salty, sweet, sour, and bitter (in humans). |
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what other structure in pigs aids in tasting and chemical detection |
snout |
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nostrils (nares) |
allow air into the nasal cavity for olfactory sensation, warming, and respiration |
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tongue |
a highly manipulative, muscular structure used to aid ingestion, with an attachment deep in the throat |
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2 sections of the "roof" of the mouth |
hard palate soft palate |
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hard palate |
makes up the anterior part of the roof of the mouth. Made of bone and covered with folds of mucus membrane separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavities |
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soft palate |
posterior continuation of the mucous membrane, but it contains no bone |
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pharynx |
region encompassing the base of the tongue and the junction of the passageways for food (esophagus) and air (trachea). |
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epligottis |
small flap of tissue at rear of pharynx fold of skin covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing to prevent food entry into the trachea |
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liver |
largest internal organ large, brown, shiny, lobed |
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small intestine |
digestion of food nutrient absorption omnivores tend to have longer s.i. than carnivores |
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large intestine |
shorter than s.i. absorption of water and vitamins preparation of undigested materials as feces. houses large amounts of symbiotic bacteria. |
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bile |
mixture of bile salts and breakdown products flows into gallbladder aids in digestion emulsifier of fats to aid in fat breakdown |
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gallbladder |
small greenish brown sac that stores bile (s.i. signals it to release bile) |
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duodenum |
anterior section of the small intestine bile is released into here via duct |
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pyloric sphincter |
ring-like involuntary muscle that controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine |
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rugae |
ridges in stomach that increase surface area and allow for the stomach to expand when full |
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spleen |
found on left external margin of stomach immune system organ that fights infection and also breaks down expired red blood cells |
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rectum |
most distal section of large intestine forms and stores feces |
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exocrine pancreas |
produces enzymes used to chemically digest food. ~These enzymes exit the pancreatic duct and enter the duodenum of the small intestine via the common bile duct |
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endocrine pancreas |
produces hormones -- insulin and glucagon -- that control the level of glucose in the blood. ~ These hormones exit the pancreas via the circulation. |
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excretion |
process of removing cellular metabolic wastes from the body |
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three internal regions of kidneys |
outer cortex middle medulla (with renal cortex) renal pelvis (inner most) |
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nephron |
functional unit of kidney |
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what do nephrons do? |
filter water, ions, nitrogenous wastes and other materials from the blood and form urine that is then passed through the collecting ducts to the base of the renal pyramids and into the renal pelvis |
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renal veins
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carry filtered blood from the kidneys to the posterior vena cava. |
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renal arteries |
carry unfiltered blood from the aorta to the kidneys (they are dorsal to the renal veins) |
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urine |
filtered by kidneys contains the nitrogenous wastes, ions, drugs and other materials filtered from the blood by the kidney |
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ureters |
hollow tubes that exit the two kidneys Urine passes through the ureters to reach the urinary bladder for storage. |
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urinary bladder |
where the urine is stored until the animal eliminates the fluid waste through urination |
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urethra |
opening where the urine exits the bladder to the outside |
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circulatory system |
responsible for the transportation of nutrients, gases, wastes, and hormones control of body temperature, provides channels for the immune system to protect the body, and participates in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis |
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thymus |
larger in young because its critical in developing the immune system (will decrease in size with age) found in throat and thoracic cavity |
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coronary artery |
supplies oxygenated blood to the ventral portion of the heart |
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trachea |
has cartilaginous rings that keep it open passageway for air to the lungs |
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thalamus |
relay and processing center for information coming into the brain via the spinal cord and brain stem allows reciprocal communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum |
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central nervous system (CNS) |
brain and spinal cord |
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spinal cord |
relays info from brain to rest of body (as well as locally) |
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anterior vena cava |
largeblue vein carries blood from the head, neck and upper shoulder area to theheart (enters the right atrium) |
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posterior (caudal) vena cava |
largeblue vein carries blood from the lower part of the body (enters the rightatrium) |
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3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (make up the meninges) |
dura mater arachnoid pia mater |
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why did clinical clark have seizures? |
he was overhydrated and water was flowing out of blood vessels and into the matrix..caused increased pressure which caused neurons to misfire diagnosed as CEREBRAL EDEMA |
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what was given to clinical clark to help him? |
hypertonic saline...caused water to go back into blood vessels |
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what affect did the isotonic saline have on clinical clark? |
no affect..condition remained the same |
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what affect did the hypotonic saline have on clinical clark? |
made the situation worse because it caused the water to flow from vessels at an even higher rate |
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post treatment sequence of events for clinical clark: |
1. Seizures 2. Administer hypertonic treatment 3. Increase in blood sodium concentration 4. Net movement of water into vessel 5. Decrease in the matrix pressure 6. Decrease in neuron firing rateSeizures stopped |
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Why is water moving across the vessel in the direction you indicated? (clinical clark) |
water was moving in the indicated directions dueto sodium concentration – in the beginning it was higher outside the vesselthan inside causing the water to flow out into the matrix |
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What effect does this net movement of water have on the pressure in thematrix? why? (clinical clark) |
thenet movement of water into the matrix increases pressure because their justsimply isn’t enough space |
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How does the relative concentration of sodium affect the firing rate ofnerves? (clinical clark) |
the relative concentration of sodium affects theflow of water which affects the pressure in the matrix which therefore affectsthe firing rate of the neuron |
