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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The scientific study of the interaction between organisms and their environment?
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Ecology
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Define Human ecology?
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The scientific study of humans and their environment.
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3 major issues in human ecology
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population growth, Increasing use of resources, and pollution and climate change
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how many people in 2050
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9 billion
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Why did the world population growth rate jump up in the 50's and 60's
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People began living long
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Why have population growth rates dropped since the 60's? 2
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People are marrying later and birth control
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how long did it take the population to go from 0 to 2 billion? 2-4? 4-8
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100
50 about 50 |
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Where is population growth taking place mainly?
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less developed coutries
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What does the average global population grow at?
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1.3%/year
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where in the world are there signs of declining population?
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eastern europe
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What two countries have very high population DENSITies?
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China and india
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What is the current world population?
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6.7 billion
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Where are the forests being cut down? where are they regaining?
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cut down- Africa and South America
Regaining- China and Europe |
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3 things that human impacts are directly related to when talking about resource use
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Total population, Population growth rate, and Economic status
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define Economic Development
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The improvement of living standards via economic growth
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Whats economic development measured in? 2
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Industrialization and GNI
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Examples of prepetual resources? 3
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Solar wind and tidal
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Examples of renewable resources? 2
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Fresh air and water
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Examples of nonrenewable resources? 2
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Soil and Fossil Fuels
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What is the tragedy of the commons?
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everyone exploits one common resource and it makes a major problem
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3 peices that determine your ecological footprint?
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Its the amount of productive area per person to: produce enough renewable resources, supply living space, and absorb the greenhouse gasses
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Any additions to the environment that threaten health, survival, or activities of everything?
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pollution
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3 big problems with fixing pollution
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only temporary, just moves it to another area, and too expensive
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5 major environmental problems?? WWBAF
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Water pollution, waste, Biodiversity depletion, air pollution, and food supply
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What is the major source for GHG and the leading cause of global warming?
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Carbon Emissions
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Main reason our water is polluted?
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70% because of Agriculture
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What is the problem with the economic in recycling?
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it costs more to recycle then to just remake...
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4 major cultural shifts?
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Hunting and gathering
Ag revolution Industrial rev- from wood to fossil fuels Globalization |
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how much land have we already fucked?
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75%
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2 major threats to fisheries
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Bottom trawling and Warming and acidifcation
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3 things that come from warming sea temps?
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Ice melt, sea rises, and shifts in species
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4 things that happen with coral reefs in rising temps
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ocean acidification, more diseases, coral bleaching, harsher storms
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how much of earth is covered by water
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71%
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The resources and processes of ecosystems
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Ecosystem services
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define the myth of inexhaustability
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The ocean is inexhaustable, just throw whatever we want in it?
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Where does bottom trawling take place?
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the continental shelf
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Habitat that is created by life? like coral
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Biogenic habitat
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how many productive HA per person? ACres?
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4.5, 24
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What are heavy metals and 3 examples?
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Naturally occuring but toxic, Cadmium lead and mercury
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Why is there no regeneration rate with nonrenewable resources?
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Use them before they can replenish
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Heavy metals are nonrenewable resources
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true
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Whats an isotope?
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similar atoms with different protons
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What is radioactive material and three kinds?
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Atoms that are spontaneously transformed by emitting radiations which release energy. Alpha, Beta, and gamma
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What law of thermodynamics tells us energy can be transformed?
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the 1st
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Second Law of thermodynamics?
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Energy transformations incur heat energy
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Why aren't radioactive materials used to create energy? 2
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Radiation waste and it can't be sold to make money
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What is a CFC
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Chlorofluorocarbons
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2 major chemicals in the air and water?
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CFC's and CO (carbon monoxide)
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What is the major greenhouse gas?
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CO2
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How is temperature effected by the roundness of the earth?
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uneven heating.
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How are seasons caused
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tilt
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Define Climate and weather
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Climate is weather over a long period of time, weather is the day to day storm
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What is the uneven heating of the earth termed?
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Angle of incidence
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How much tilt does the earth have?
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23.5 degrees
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Where are ferrel hadley and polar solar cells hitting the earth?
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Ferrel is inbetween the hadley is at the equator and the polar is at the poles
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Why is there more rainfall in the southern hemisphere? what does this show?
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there are more lakes and rivers, water evaporates much faster over wet surfaces then dry.
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Does all wind flow west to east?
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no wind patterns are different
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What causes the earths marine surface currents?
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Wind and the earth rotation(moon)
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What are the pluses from geothermal energy?
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Electric power generation
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What does the rainshadow mean?
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less rain on the east side of cascades
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How does altitude and latitude effect temperature and rainfall?
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The higher in altitude and latitude, lower temp and less rain....
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The higher the latitude __________
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the less biodiversity
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Higher elevation=
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less biodiversity
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Lower depth(in ocean)=
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less biodiversity
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How are biomes defined?
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by there percipitation and plants
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20% of the earths surface is which means
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Deserts, water loss usually exceeds percipitation
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this biome has cold winter with warm summer, usually deciduous or coniferous forests
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temperate forests
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Usually within 10 degrees of equator, warm temps, thick forest canopy
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Tropical Forest
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Grassland with scattered trees, dry and wet seasons
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Tropical savanna
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Dominated by grassland, used extensively for AG
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Temperate grasslands
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Persistance of permafrost, doesn't support trees
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Arctic Tundra
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3 ways aquatic biomes are defined?
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Salinity, Water movement, and depth
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Where are each found? Estuaries, Salt marsh, and mangrove forests
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Mouth of rivers
Mid to high altitude tropics |
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3 ways deserts relate to humans?
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Urbanization, salinization, and waste storage
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3 ways forests relate to humans?
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grazing, timber, development
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3 ways grasslands relate to humans?
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Ag, Grazing, development
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What has greatly increased N and P inputs into our water?
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Agriculture
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What is good about biome movement due to human impact?
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some places will become much more productive, but many wont
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2 ways to qualify as a hot spot?
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Must contain 1,500 endemic plant species, and have 70% of its original habitat
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Where are most of the hot spots in the US
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Far away from AG land!
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How much of earths oceans are protected?
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1%
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3 topics that determine total species present in a biome?
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Latitude, altitude, and depth
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Species diversity=
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Speciation - extinction
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An orderly progression in which something passes by degrees to a different stage.
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Evolution
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3 conditions to natural selection?
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Natural variability in a trait, Trait must be heritable by parents, and trait must lead to success by individuals use.
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Difference between micro and macro evolution?
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micro is gene to gene, macro is a change to a new population
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3 types of natural selection?
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Directional, stabilizing, and diversifying
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Define Directional natural selection?
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where a population shifts to favor one trait, the whole population shifts
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Define stablizing natural selection?
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The average stays the same, but the graph gets skinnier and selection on other traits is less favored
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Define diversifying natural selection?
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The intermediate coloration decreases causing a double humped graph...
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How many major extinctions have taken place? why? 3
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5, Asteroid, Volcano, and climate change
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What percent of all animal species has gone extinct?
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96
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What is unique about our current extinction?
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Much More Selective and they are occurring constantly everywhere, not just one specfic landmass
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Why did 95% of North American megafauna go extinct 11,000 years ago
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humans came and killed them
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2 Causes of extinction
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habitat destruction and introduced predators
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Whats one solution to reducing the extinction rates?
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endangered species act
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how much faster are current extinction rates?
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100 to 1000 times faster
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the number and variety of species
and the genetic variation contained within each species; species interactions maintaining unique, functioning communities. |
biodiversity
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Largest bio class
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insects
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How many species go extinct/ day
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25-50
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#1 threat to biodiversity
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habitat destruction
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Alteration of the physical layout of the land?
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Habitat Fragmentation
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Define over exploitation?
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The extraction of a renewable resource faster then it can replenish
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A single species or group that shares the same location, predators, and resources
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population
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Why is it hard to conserve a small population to help regenerate it?
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less gene flow, all males, or all females...
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what is stochastic?
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Unpredictable variation
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example of genetic stochastic, demographic stochastic, and environmental stochastic
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gene:inbreeding
Demo: Random births and deaths Envi: all individuals in one location |
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define community?
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all the interacting organisms
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2kinds of competition?
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Inter and intraspecific
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an association between 2 or more
individuals seeking to use the same (limiting) resource; they grow at suboptimal rates because they must share this growth limiting resource. |
competition
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An interaction where one benefits and one is harmed?
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predation
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An interaction where both benefit?
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mutualism
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What are externalities? give examples
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cause/effects, Air pollution from energy production, water pollution from manufacturing
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3 examples of Ecosystem service?
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water quality, soil regeneration, and air quality
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what is GDP and GNI to the government?
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Gross domestic product and gross national income
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What do GDP and GNI miss? 2
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Depletion and degradation of ecosystems, and anything without money
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The gross domestic product and gross national income are dealing with the US, what are ecological GNI
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GDP minus expenses that don't help the environment and plus the ones that do
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2 ways that the government uses tools to help the environment
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Incentives and disincentives, subsides and increase in taxes or green tax pollution
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Define ecosystem services?
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services provided by the environment
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What are ecosystem goods?
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renewable resources
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Name some of the losses in the biosphere experiment? 3
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oxygen, too much CO2, no soil nutrients.
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4 ways that the water system is fucked with?
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dams, flood control, drinking, recreation
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4 benefits that humans derive from ecosystems?
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Security, material, health, social relations
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key finding of the millennium ecosystem assessment?
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Current tech can reduce the human impact and
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2 valuations of Ecosystem services?
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Monetary valuation (for money), nonmarket valuation
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one problem when messing with habitat?
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it can really be expensive when our "fix" is wrong?
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how can we make a change to the ecosystem destruction?
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The key is to set strict rules and have stricker penalties
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What was one good movement from the global carbon movement? whats wrong though?
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The koyto protocol, the US isn't doing anything with it...
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What happened in the case of NYC's water issue?
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too much pollutants, so they spent far less money to restore habitat and fix the problem instead of installing a new filtration system
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What is costa rica doing to prevent eco damage?
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providing incentives to its farmers in order to prevent them from burning the rainforest
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GPI in Environmentalist language?
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Genuine progress indicator
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