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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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Study of body structures and relationships
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Physiology
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Study of body functions
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Atoms
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Smallest unit of matter
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Molecule
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2 or more atoms joined together
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Cell
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Basic structural and functional unit of an organism
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Organs
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Structures composed of 2 or more different types of tissues
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System
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Consists of related organs with a common function
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Negative Feedback Loop
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Reverses a change in a controlled condition
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Positive Feedback Loop
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Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
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Integumentary System
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Skin and accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves
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Cutaneous Membrane
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Skin
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Epidermis
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Outer, thinner layer of epithelial tissues
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Dermis
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Inner, thicker layer
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Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis
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Attaches skin to the underlying tissues and organs
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Keratinocytes
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Cells that produce keratin-a tough fibrous protein that provides protection
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Melanocytes
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Cells that produce melanin-a pigment that protects against UV radiation
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Langerhans cells
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Involved in immune responses, arises from red bone marrow
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Merkel Cells
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Function in the sensation of touch along with adjacent tactile discs
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Stratum Basale or Stratum Germinativum
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Deepest layer where continuous cell division occurs which produces all other layers
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Stratum Spinosum
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8-10 layers of keratinocytes
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Stratum Granulosum
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Includes keratohyalin and lamellar granules
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Stratum Lucidum
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Only present in thick skin-skin of fingertips, palms, and soles
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Stratum Corneum
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Composed of many sublayers of flat, dead keratinocytes called corneocytes or squames
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Keratinization
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Accumulation of more and more protective keratin, occurs as cells move from deepest layer to surface layer
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Dandruff
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Excess of keratinized cells shed from scalp
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Papillary Region
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Outer layer of dermis which consists of areolar connective tissue
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Reticular Region
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Deeper layer of dermis which consists of dense irregular connective tissue
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Lines of Cleavage
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"Tension lines" in skin indicate predominat direction of underlying collagen fibers
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Epidermal Ridges
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Contours of underlying dermal papillae and form fingerprints
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Albinism
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Inherited inability to produce melanin
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Vitiligo
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Condition in which there is a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches o skin
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Carotene
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Pigment found in Stratum Corneum, Dermis, and Subcutaneous Layer
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Hemoglobin
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Found in erythrocytes flowing through dermal capillaries
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Thin (Hairy) Skin
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Covers all body regions except palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
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Thick (Hairless) Skin
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Covers palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
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Vernix Caseosa
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Fatty substance that protects epidermis of a fetus
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_________ produce the protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from light, heat, microbes, and many chemicals
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keratinocytes
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_________ produce a pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs ultraviolet light
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melanocytes
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_________ cells that arise from red bone marrow, migrate to the epidermis, and participate in immune responses
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Langerhans cells
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_________ cells thought to function in the sensation of touch
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Merkel cells
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_________ located in the dermis, they function in the sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, itching, and tickling
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free nerve endings
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_________ smooth muscles associated with the hair follicles; when contracted, they pull the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin's surface
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arrector pili
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_________ an abnormal thickening of the epidermis
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callus
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_________ release a lipid-rich secretion that functions as a water-repellent sealant in the stratum granulosum
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lamellar granules
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_________ pressure-sensitive cells found mostly in the subcutaneous layer
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pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
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_________ a fatty substance that covers and protects the skin of the fetus from the constant exposure to amniotic fluid
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vernix caseosa
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_________ associated with hair follicles, these secrete an oily substance that helps prevent hair from becoming brittle, prevents evaporation of water from the skin's surface, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria
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sebaceous glands
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_________ deep region of the dermis composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue
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reticular region
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_________ composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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epidermis
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_________ not considered part of the skin, it contains areolar and adipose tissues and blood vessels; attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs
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subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
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_________ superficial region of the dermis; composed of areolar connective tissue
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papillary region
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_________ epithelial cells migrate under scab to bridge the wound; formation of granulation tissue
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migratory phase
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_________ sloughing of scab; reorganization of collagen fibers; blood vessels return to normal
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maturation phase
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_________ vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels to deliver cells involved in phagocytosis; clot formation
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inflammatory phase
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_________ extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab; random deposition of collagen fibers; continued growth of blood vessels
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proliferative phase
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Cytosol
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fluid portion of cytoplasm
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Plasma Membrane
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Forms cell's outer boundary
Selective Barrier |
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Organelles
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Subcellular structures having characteristic shapes and functions
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Cytoplasm
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All cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus
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Chromosome
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Consists of a single molecule of DNA and associated proteins
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Integral Proteins
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Extend into or through lipid bilayer
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Transmembrane Proteins
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Most integral proteins, span entire lipid bilayer
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Peripheral Proteins
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Attached to inner or outer surface of membrane, do not extend through it
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Transporters
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Selectively move substances through membrane
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Receptors
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For cellular recognition
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Ligand
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Molecule that binds with a receptor
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Enzymes
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Catalyze chemical reactions
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2 ways water can pass through plasma membranes
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Through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion
Aquaporins, integral membrane proteins |
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Cytoskeleton
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network of protein filaments throughout cytosol
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Centrosome
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Located near nucleus, consists of 2 centrioles and perocentriolar material
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Cilia
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Short hair-like projections from cell surface, move fluids along a cell surface
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Flagella
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Longer than cilia, move an entire cell
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Ribosome
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Site of protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Network of membranes in shape of flattened sacs or tubules
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Rough ER
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Connected to nuclear envelope, series of flattened sacs, produces various proteins
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Smooth ER
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Network of membrane tubules, does not have ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs
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Golgi complex
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Modify, sort, and package proteins for transport to different destinations
Proteins transported by various vesicles |
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Lysosomes
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Vesicles that form from Golgi complex, contains powerful digestive enzymes
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Peroxisomes
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Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol, abundant in liver
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Proteasomes
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Continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins, found in cytosol and nucleus
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Interphase
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Cell not dividing
-Cell replicates DNA -consists of 3 phases |
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Mitotic phase
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Consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form identical cells
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Prophase
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Chromatin fibers change into chromosomes
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Metaphase
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Microtubules align centromeres of chromatid pairs at metaphase plate
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Anaphase
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Chromatid pairs split at centromere and move to opposite poles of cell
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Telophase
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2 Identical nuclei are formed around identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form
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Cleavage furrow
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Plasma membrane constricting at its middle
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Name the 6 important life processes
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Metabolism
Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction |
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Atomic Number
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# of protons in nucleus
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Mass Number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Positively charged ions
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Cations
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Negatively charged ions
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Anions
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______ tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; and forms glands
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Epithelial
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_____ tissue protects and supports body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat and provides immunity
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Connective
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_____ tissue is responsible for movement and generation of force
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Muscle
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