Zoo 171 Lab Test 3

Front 1

What is continuous conduction in the nervous system?

Back 1

occurs along the non myelinated fibers as a local effect.

**SLOW**

Front 2

What is saltatory conduction?

Back 2

occurs only in myelinated fibers

**FASTEST conduction**

Front 3

If a high number of subthreshold stimuli are given in a series, then an action potential may be elicited by a process called ______.

Back 3

Summation

Front 4

Electrically gated

Back 4

membrane pores or "gates" are controlled by changes in cell membrane potential.
*result in action potentials

Front 5

Chemically gated

Back 5

membrane pores or "gates" are controlled by chemicals or neurotransmitters attaching to their outer surface.
*result is graded potential

Front 6

Excitatory post synaptic potential

Back 6

EPSP goes TOWARD threshold
*may result in action potential*
depolarized

Front 7

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

Back 7

IPSP-further AWAY from threshold
*REDUCES chand of Action Potential*
hyperpolarized

Front 8

what are two ways to cause facilitation?

Back 8

1 spatial summation

2 temporal summation

Front 9

Spatial summation

Back 9

all or none event

Front 10

temporal summation

Back 10

inhibition of activity of the neuron

Front 11

divergence

Back 11

axon from 1 going to many
1
/ \
2 2

Front 12

convergence

Back 12

many neurons going to one
2 2
\ /
1

Front 13

4 types of NT chemicals found in the body

Back 13

1 Ach (PSNS)
2 catecholamines (SNS)
3 amino acids ex) GABA
4 peptides ex) endorphines ep, norep

Front 14

NT can be removed by:

Back 14

1 reabsorption or *re-uptake into the pre-synaptic neuron*
2 enzymatic degradation
3 diffusion

Front 15

meniges or theca
name layers

Back 15

DURA MATER
ARACHNOID MATER
PIA MATER

Front 16

What is the function of the FALX CEREBRI?

Back 16

seperates the R and L hemispheres

Front 17

Where is CSF produced?

Back 17

in the choroid plexus. CSF is made from blood.

Front 18

Where does the CSF exit to be recycled?

Back 18

In the DURAL SINUS (at the top of the head through the arachnoid villi)

Front 19

why are there a cervical and lumbar enlargements?

Back 19

for the upper and lower limbs

Front 20

do plexuses have nerve bodies?

Back 20

NO, NO plexuses do NOT have nerve bodies.

Front 21

What cell produces CSF?

Back 21

the ependymal cells make CSF in the choroid plexus.

Front 22

what are ventricles in the brain?

Back 22

they are fluid filled cavities.
lateral>3rd>4th

Front 23

Where and why is a spinal tap done?

Back 23

it is to test the CSF. it is done in the lumbar spine from the subarachnoid space.

Front 24

order of ending spinal nerves

Back 24

conus medularis(tapers to point) by the coccyx
cauda equina (group of spinal nerves) horses tail

Front 25

CSF flows through which canal?

Back 25

the central canal

Front 26

anterior horns =

posterior horns=

Back 26

motor neurons

sensory nerves

Front 27

White matter

gray matter

Back 27

white matter is myelinated axons

gray matter is neurons (protein)

Front 28

longitudinal bundles of myelinated tracts are called?

Back 28

Tracts

Front 29

functions of the spinal cord?

Back 29

1. center for spinal reflexes
2. conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain

Front 30

what are reflexes?

Back 30

automatic, involuntary responses to either internal or external stimuli

**keep us upright and coordinated**

Front 31

Types of reflex arcs?

Back 31

monosynaptic/simple (knee-jerk-deep tendon)
w/drawl (pull away from injury) **nociceptors mediated
crossed extensor (affects oppo. sides)

Front 32

components of the simple reflex arc

Back 32

Receptor>Sensory neuron>
Integration center>
Motor neuron>Effector

Front 33

Ascending tracts

Back 33

those which conduct sensory impulses to the brain for processing

Front 34

spinothalamic tracts cross over in the cord and give rise to _______.

Back 34

Sensations of pain and temperature

Front 35

Spinocerebellar tracts do not cross over in the cord and they

Back 35

Coordinate muscualr movements

Front 36

descending tracts

Back 36

conduct motor impulses form the brain to the effectors.

Front 37

Spino =

Back 37

Sensory

Front 38

corticospinal tracts

Back 38

fibers cross over decussated in lower medulla and conduct impluses from cerebral cortex to skeletal muscles resulting in VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

Front 39

rubrospinal tracts

Back 39

motor impulses tha coordinate and control posture

Front 40

what does ducsation mean

Back 40

means crossed over

Front 41

nucleus


ganglion

Back 41

nucleus is inside CNS


ganglion is outside CNS

Front 42

plexus

Back 42

nerves or blood vessels outside the CNS.

OCCUR ONLY IN THE PNS**

Front 43

what is a convolution

Back 43

general term for wrinkles in the brain.

serve to increase the surface area of the brain.

Front 44

cerebrum is the _______ part of the brain

Back 44

the largest part of the brain

Front 45

Corpus callosum

Back 45

a huge tract that connects the R & L hemispheres.

Front 46

nucleus


ganglion

Back 46

nucleus is inside CNS


ganglion is outside CNS

Front 47

plexus

Back 47

nerves or blood vessels outside the CNS.

OCCUR ONLY IN THE PNS**

Front 48

what is a convolution

Back 48

general term for wrinkles in the brain.

serve to increase the surface area of the brain.

Front 49

cerebrum is the _______ part of the brain

Back 49

the largest part of the brain

Front 50

Corpus callosum

Back 50

a huge tract that connects the R & L hemispheres.

Front 51

Types of reflex arcs?

Back 51

monosynaptic/simple (knee-jerk-deep tendon)
w/drawl (pull away from injury) **nociceptors mediated
crossed extensor (affects oppo. sides)

Front 52

components of the simple reflex arc

Back 52

Receptor>Sensory neuron>
Integration center>
Motor neuron>Effector

Front 53

Ascending tracts

Back 53

those which conduct sensory impulses to the brain for processing

Front 54

spinothalamic tracts cross over in the cord and give rise to _______.

Back 54

Sensations of pain and temperature

Front 55

Spinocerebellar tracts do not cross over in the cord and they

Back 55

Coordinate muscualr movements

Front 56

Types of reflex arcs?

Back 56

monosynaptic/simple (knee-jerk-deep tendon)
w/drawl (pull away from injury) **nociceptors mediated
crossed extensor (affects oppo. sides)

Front 57

components of the simple reflex arc

Back 57

Receptor>Sensory neuron>
Integration center>
Motor neuron>Effector

Front 58

Ascending tracts

Back 58

those which conduct sensory impulses to the brain for processing

Front 59

spinothalamic tracts cross over in the cord and give rise to _______.

Back 59

Sensations of pain and temperature

Front 60

Spinocerebellar tracts do not cross over in the cord and they

Back 60

Coordinate muscualr movements

Front 61

anterior horns =

posterior horns=

Back 61

motor neurons

sensory nerves

Front 62

White matter

gray matter

Back 62

white matter is myelinated axons

gray matter is neurons (protein)

Front 63

longitudinal bundles of myelinated tracts are called?

Back 63

Tracts

Front 64

functions of the spinal cord?

Back 64

1. center for spinal reflexes
2. conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain

Front 65

what are reflexes?

Back 65

automatic, involuntary responses to either internal or external stimuli

**keep us upright and coordinated**

Front 66

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

Back 66

the thinker
the feeler
the listener
the seer

Front 67

functions of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex is divided into 3 categories which are:

Back 67

1. motor
2. sensory
3. association

Front 68

primary cells

Back 68

pyramid shaped
(motor voluntary movement)

Front 69

reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts

Back 69

coordinate balance and posture

Front 70

broca's area

Back 70

only on the left side of the brain. functions: mouth movements and eyelids

Front 71

primary sensory areas in the cerebral cortex are located in the ________.

Back 71

in the parietal lobe
(fibers decussate)

Front 72

frontal lobe functions to

Back 72

plan, think, control emotions, and awareness of consequences.

Front 73

parietal lobe functions as

Back 73

the processing center. speech and word choices

Front 74

temporal lobe functions in

Back 74

speech and reading, music

Front 75

occipital lobe

Back 75

analyzes visual patterns and combines them with sensory experiences.

Front 76

Wernicke's area

Back 76

manages complex thought and expression. near temporal lobe.

Front 77

memory is the

Back 77

persistence of learning.

Front 78

short-term memory

Back 78

a process of a circuitous series of neurons.

Front 79

long term memory

Back 79

memory that can be maintained over a long period of time.

Front 80

memory consolidation

Back 80

the process by which short term memory is converted to long term.

Front 81

basal nuclei secretes _______.

Basal nuclei functions to

Back 81

dopamine

inhibit motor functions (upper motor neurons give guidance to our activities.

Front 82

the DIENCEPHALON includes which parts of the brain?

Back 82

the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Front 83

the diencephalon surrounds the 3rd ventricle and is composed of gray matter and __________.

Back 83

processes information

Front 84

the thalamus

Back 84

channels all sensory input except taste and smell.
(has radiating fibers)

Front 85

the hypothalamus regulates:

Back 85

HR AND BP
BODY TEMP
FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BAL.
HUNGER & BODY WEIGHT

Front 86

the pituitary gland is considered the _________.

Back 86

the master or the king b/c it controls the body by stimulating it directly.

Front 87

limbic system functions:

Back 87

controls emotional experience, expression and behavior.
ex) fear, anger, pleasure, sorrow etc.

Front 88

the brain stem is comprised of:

Back 88

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Front 89

the pons regulates

Back 89

rate and depth of breathing

Front 90

the medulla oblongata regulates;

Back 90

heart rate, blood vessel diameter

Front 91

reticular formation:

Back 91

is like a filter: prevents continual bombardment of sensory stimulation.

Controls Awareness and sleep

Front 92

Sleep
four levels of sleep waves (1234)

Back 92

alpha (when you lose awareness)
REM brain activity is at near normal levels and dreaming occurs.

Front 93

cranial nerves

Back 93

are NOT part of the CNS. they are Peripheral nerves
they are mixed, sensory, and motor
organized from 1-10

Front 94

olfatory nerve I

Back 94

sense of smell

Front 95

optic nerve II

Back 95

sensory

Front 96

occulomotor nerve III

Back 96

eyelid and eye movement

Front 97

trochlear nerve IV

Back 97

innervation of superior oblique eye muscle

Front 98

trigeminal nerve V

Back 98

mixed but controls chewing

Front 99

abducens nerve VI

Back 99

takes eye away from the midline

Front 100

facial nerve VII

Back 100

facial expressions

Front 101

vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

Back 101

auditory

Front 102

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Back 102

tongue and pharnyx

Front 103

vagus nerve X

Back 103

swallowing and speech (mixed)

Front 104

spinal XI

Back 104

motor
serves SCM and tapezius

Front 105

hypoglossal nerve XII

Back 105

below the tongue

Front 106

how many spinal nerves do we have?

Back 106

we have 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 107

Regions how many nerves
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral and coccyx

Back 107

cervical 8
Thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral 5
cocyx 1

Front 108

each spinal nerve has 2 roots:

Back 108

the dorsal root (sensory)

the ventral root (motor root)
**does not have a ganglion**

Front 109

spinal nerve branches:

Back 109

1. meningeal branch (smallest)
2. posterior branch/ramus skin & back
3. anterior branch majority of body
4. visceral branches only in lumbar and thoracic regions

Front 110

cervical plexuses are formed by the anterior branches of c 5-8 and t1.
function as upper extremities skin and muscle movement.
What are the principle nerves?

Back 110

musculocutaneous nerves
ulnar nerves
median nerves
radial nerves
axillary nerves

Front 111

lumbrosacral plexuses funtion as the lower trunk of the body and pelvis
what are the major branches of these plexuses?

Back 111

obturator nerves
femoral nerves
sciatic nerves

Front 112

the autonomic system is involuntary and are efferent fibers that go to ganglia outside the CNS.
what are the two divisions?

Back 112

the two divisions are the
sympathetic and the parasympathetic

Front 113

chemoreceptor

Back 113

senses changes in chemical concentrations

Front 114

nociceptors

Back 114

respond to tissue damage also called pain receptors

Front 115

thermoreceptors

Back 115

respond to changes in temperature

Front 116

mechanoreceptors

Back 116

respond to physical forces/ tough

Front 117

proprioceptors

Back 117

sense position/location

Front 118

baroreceptors

Back 118

sense changes in pressure

Front 119

stretch receptors

Back 119

changes length of tissue

Front 120

photoreceptors

Back 120

respond to light

Front 121

Sensation

Back 121

a physiological event (it is what is)

Front 122

perception

Back 122

is interpretive (what you make of it)

Front 123

golgi tendon reflex

Back 123

helps not overextend muscles.
helps maintain posture and protects muscle attachments from injury due to excessive force of muscle contraction.

Front 124

free nerve endings

Back 124

temp and pain

Front 125

meissner's corpuscles

Back 125

light touch and texture

Front 126

interoreceptors

Back 126

sense changes in the viscera

Front 127

external ear is called _____.

Back 127

auricle or pinna

Front 128

sound enters by _____

Back 128

external acoustic meatus

Front 129

tympanic membrane

Back 129

separates the middle ear from the outer ear

Front 130

what are the middle ear ossicles?

Back 130

malleus
incus
stapes

Front 131

oval window allows the sound waves in and _____ lets them out

Back 131

round window

Front 132

oval window is the entrance to the ____.

Back 132

to the cochlea