Zoo 101 - Nervous System

Front 1

In what direction does impulse transmission occur?

Back 1

From dendrites -> cell body -> axon hillock -> synaptic terminal

Front 2

What are the three classes of neurons?

Back 2

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor

Front 3

Sensory neurons...

Back 3

receive environmental signals
send to spiral cord/brain

Front 4

Interneurons...

Back 4

connection between sensory/motor

Front 5

motor...

Back 5

Carry out appropriate response/react

Front 6

What is the difference between electrical and chemical communication?

Back 6

Electrical: the signal travels down an individual neuron

Chemical: how the signal gets passed between neurons

Front 7

Where do the chemical and electrical communications take place?

Back 7

Electrical: along the axon

Chemical: at the synaptic cleft

Front 8

membrane potential

Back 8

negative charge difference between inside/outside of cell

Front 9

resting potential

Back 9

-70 mV
Inside of cell = negative charge at rest

Front 10

action potential

Back 10

nerve impulse
all or none response to change in membrane potential

Front 11

graded potential

Back 11

cell may be slightly more/less negative
(-65 to -80 mV)

Front 12

hyperpolarization

Back 12

cell membrane becomes more negative (K+ leaves cell via gated channels)

Front 13

depolarization

Back 13

cell membrane becomees more positive (Na+ enters cell via gated channels)

Front 14

What is involved with membrane potential?

Back 14

concentration gradient
electrical gradient
Na-K pump

Front 15

concentration gradient

Back 15

K+ wants out, Na+ want in

Front 16

electrical gradient

Back 16

opposites attract

Front 17

Na-K pump

Back 17

active transport working against the concentration gradients (pumps Na+ out & K+ in)

Front 18

How is the resting potential maintained?

Back 18

Look at the notes taken during discussion #10 or look at fig. 8.15

Front 19

What happens when a nerve cell is stimulated?
(5 steps)

Back 19

step 1 = resting potential

step 2 = depolarization (some Na+ channels open up causing it to become more positive) Once depolarization reaches threshold it releases an active potential

step 3 = rising phase of the action potential (all Na+ gates are opened up while K+ gates remained closed)

step 4 = Falling phase of the action potential (Na+ gates closed and K+ open, causing K+ to leave making it negative again)

step 5 = undershoot/overshoot (K+ channels remain open and becomes more negative than the resting potential)

Front 20

synaptic cleft

Back 20

space between pre-/postsynaptic neurons

Front 21

synaptic vesicles

Back 21

in presynaptic neruon

contain neruotransmitters

Front 22

neruotransmitter

Back 22

chemical relased by vesicles in presynaptic cell and then binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

Front 23

receptor

Back 23

protein ("lock")
opens if correct neurotransmitter

Front 24

Cl- in = ________

Back 24

hyperpolarize

Front 25

Na+ or K+ in = ________

Back 25

depolarize

Front 26

Most neurons secrete only one ________

Back 26

neurotransmitter

Front 27

________ are capable of receiving many different NT's

Back 27

postsynaptic neruons

Front 28

type of NT released influences what the ________ will do

Back 28

postsynaptic neruon

Front 29

How do action potentials convey information about different stimuli?

Back 29

By its frequency

Front 30

frequency: stronger stimuli produce AP's at a _______ frequency than weaker stimuli

Back 30

greater/higher

Front 31

How are signals integrated/processed?

Back 31

Axon hillock: integrates/process incoming signals

Front 32

EPSP

Does it depolarize or hyperpolarize?

Back 32

excitory post-synaptic potential

depolarizes cell

Front 33

IPSP

Does it depolarize or hyperpolarize?

Back 33

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

hyperpolarize the cell

Front 34

What is summation?

Back 34

The build up of several ESPS's or IPSP's

Front 35

What are the two types of summation?

Back 35

Temporal = time; how quickly the AP's follow eachother

Spatial = space; 2 or more AP's from different pre-synaptic neurons come in to the post-synaptic neuron at about the same time

Front 36

CNS stands for...

Back 36

central nervous system

brain, spinal cord

Front 37

PNS stands for...

Back 37

peripheral nervous system

everything else but brain and spinal cord

Front 38

1) sensory reception = __NS

2) integration = __NS

3) reaction/output = __NS

Back 38

1) PNS

2) CNS

3) PNS

Front 39

The peripheral nervous system is divided into several subunits

What are they?

Back 39

Sensory

Motor

Front 40

Sensory is

Back 40

external & internal environment

Front 41

Motor

Back 41

somatic & autonomic

you have conscious control over your somatic motor system

but not the autonomic (spontaneous)

Front 42

How does the vertebrate brain develop?

Back 42

fill in the blanks within the next couple of cards

Front 43

Thyroid hormone influnces growth of 1)________ within the 2)________ tissue layer

Back 43

1) microtubules/filaments
2) ectoderm

Front 44

There is a neural plate with 3)____ nerual folds that arch over/together to form the 4)________. (Which will eventually develop into the 5)________ & 6)________)

Back 44

3) two
4) nerual tube
5) brain
6) spinal cord

Front 45

In early development the embryo's brain is mostly 7)________

Back 45

7) hindbrain

Front 46

What is reitcular formation?

What does this prevent?

Back 46

Part of the hindbrain that recieves sensory input and filters out non-important stimuli

Prevents sensory overload

Front 47

What structures comprise the limbic system?

Back 47

hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus

Front 48

Where are all of these located?

Back 48

under and within the cerebral cortex

Front 49

Based on sensory from the 5 senses, what does it process?

Back 49

memories

Front 50

it is the site of what?

Back 50

site of the emotions