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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a hormone?
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Slow acting neurotransmitters from brain/other organs/body cells
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What are the 2 major classes of hormones?
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Peptides
Steroids |
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Peptides are...
they are regulated by |
H2O-soluble, derived from amino acids
regulated by negative feedback |
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Steroids are 1)________ soluble and from the 2)________
they are regulated by 3)________ |
`)fat soluble
2)adrenal cortex, ovaries/testes 3)liver enzymes |
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Activity rate for ph (peptide hormones) and sh (steroid hormones)
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ph - fast
sh - slow |
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structure?
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ph - charged
sh - ring |
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solubility?
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ph - water
sh - lipid/fat |
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cell membrane?
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ph - impermeable
sh - permeable |
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cascade
ph - Receptor starts 1)________ the membrane. Binding 2)________ the cascade that activates an 3)________ already present in the cytoplasm sh - 1)________ the membrane. The receptor is 2)________ the cell and binding turns gene on --> 3)________ then generates product |
ph - 1) outside, 2) starts, 3) enzyme
sh - 1) crosses, 2) inside, 3) protein synthesis |
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Source
ph - Made from 1)________. Released by: 2)________, 3)________, 4)________ sh - released by 1)________, 2)________ and 3)________ |
ph - 1) amino acids, 2) anterior pituitary, 3) para-/thyroid, 4) thymus
sh - 1) adrenal cortex, 2) ovaries, 3) testes |
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regulation
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ph - negative feedback
sh - degraded by LIVER (also a slow process). Also has negative feedback control mechanisms |
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Examples
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ph - insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, ADH, ACTH
sh - androgens, estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids |
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for each of the following put P for peptide hormone or S for steriod hormone
Includes the sex hormone |
S
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Derived from amino acids
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P
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Fast, short term effects
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P
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slow, long term effects
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S
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Binds to receptors on the cell surface
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P
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Affects gene expression/transcription
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S
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Alters the activity of existing proteins within a cell
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P
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Ultimately leads to synthesis of new proteins
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S
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Signal transduction pathway involves second messangers
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P
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Diffuses across lipid bilayers
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S
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Hypothalamus...
(produces) (regulates) |
produces: RH = releasing hormone
regulates: Pituitary |
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Posterior pituitary
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produces: ADH = antidiuretic hormone
regulates: Kidneys (collecting duct = H2O absorption) |
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Anterior pituitary
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produces: GH, PRC = prolactin, FSH & LH, TSH, ACTH
regulates: nothing |
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Adrenal medulla
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produces: nor-/epinephrine
regulates: sympathetic NS; short-term stress response |
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Adrenal cortex
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produces: calcitonin
regulates: Ca-levels in the blood |
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How does the system regulating blood levels work?
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Negative feedback
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Low glucose levels: pituitary signals pancreas to release ________
High glucose levels: pituitary signals pancreas to release ________ |
glucagon
insulin |
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What is the process of stress regulation?
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Nerve signal from hypothalamus to adrenal medulla; nor-/epinephrine released
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What are the hormones involved with stress regulation?
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hypothalamus -> anteriorpituitary -> adrenal cortex
RH -> ACTH -> glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids |
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What are the two main kinds of hormones regulating expression during embryonic development?
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thyroid and sex steroid hormones
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What are the five causes of differential gene expression in cells of an embryo?
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Look at number 8 in discussion #12
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How do proteins turn on/off genes during development (what are the two main steps)?
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determination
differentiation |
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Determination:
________ precursor (stem cell) ________ certain signals from ________; master control gene ________/protein made |
1) embryonic, 2) receieves, 3) other cells, 4) activated
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Differentiation:
________ activates ________ of genes encoding for other specific transcription ________ (depends on what _________ the cell received/what it will turn into) |
1) master protein, 2) transcription, 3) factors, 4) signals
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What is apoptosis?
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cell death
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What happens during apoptosis?
Death signal molecules (________) binds with death signal ________ protein on ________ Which proteins are invovled? |
1) peptide hormone, 2) recetpor, 3) cell membrane
ced-3, ced-4 (internal proteins) activated and these proteins create enzymes that will kil/consume that cell |
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What role do the Apical Ectodermal Ridge and the Zone of Polarizing Activity play in limb development?
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AER = tip of lim bud, left/right & dorsal/ventral
ZPA = posterior side of bud attached to body; ant/post |
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________ produced by the hypothalamus regulates the release of ________ hormones from the anterior pituitary
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GNRH
gonadotropic |
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________ stimulates the seminiferous tubules to increase ________ (sperm production), while LH stimulates ________ (testosterone) production.
Both are produced in the _______ |
FSH, spermeatogenesis, androgen
anterior pituitary |
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The process of ________ controls the production of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining constant hormone levels in human males
the hormones that initiate this process are ________ |
negative feedback
androgens |
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GnRH produced by the ________ first stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ________, which promotes ________
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hypothalamus
FSH follicle growth |
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The growing follicle produces ________, which stimulates growth of the ________, causes a decreasee in ________ and a huge surge in ________ from the pituitary
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estrogen
uterine lining FSH LH |
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The release of 1)________ from the pituitary causes 2)________ to occur. The remnants of the follicle turn into the 3)________, which continues to secrete more 4)________ and 5)________ which maintain the uterine lining and cause FSH and LH to 6)________
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1) LH
2) ovulation 3) corpus luteum 4) estrogen 5) progesterone 6) decline |
