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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Avoidance effect
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Prey congregate because predators can more easily locate dispersed individuals than clustered groups
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Dilution effect
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Aggregations reduce per capita predation risk; all animals within the same group have the same probability of being captured
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Selfish herd
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Prey can actively seek cover next to conspecifics to reduce their "domain of danger", some places within group are safer than others, so predation risks are unevenly distributed in space
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Collective detection
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larger groups allow each individual to devote less time to vigilance, and increases probability of predator detection (diminishing returns)
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Collective defense
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Group members band together to "mob" or dissuade predator from attacking
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Confusion effect
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As prey group increases, predators have a hard time identifying and capturing prey
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6 cooperative behaviors
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Predator inspection, cooperative hunting/foraging, grooming, thermoregulation, cooperative breeding, information transfer
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4 Costs of group living
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1. dominance interactions and maintenance of social structure can be physiologically taxing
2. uneven distribution of resources and reproductive success 3. disease transmission 4. increased conspicuousness |
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Three requirements for eusocial/truly social societies
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1. reproductive division of labor
2. overlapping generations 3. cooperative care of young |
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2 asymmetries in who should help
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1. relatedness
2. ability to give or receive aid |
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3 Conflicts of interest in Social/Eusocial societies
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1. female preferences to raise sons over brothers
2. Sex ratio 3. Conflict between queens and reproductive daughters |
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Why did Darwin consider sterile females in eusocial societies to be a problem?
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Darwin: traits are favored that increase the fitness of individuals carrying that gene
New formulation: traits are favored that increase the fitness of individuals carrying copies of that gene |
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Three lines of evidence supporting kin selection
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- eusociality more common in haplodiploid clades
- patterns of helping in eusocial colonies - kin influences on mediation of conflicts of interest |
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What is task switching?
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task switching costs refer to the time it takes to physically move from one task to another
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Two costs of learning
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a. brains are expensive to maintain metabolically
b. learned behaviors can be detrimental in certain environments (reliability of cues) |
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Resource dispersion hypothesis
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if resources are heterogeneous in space or time, group living might be less costly
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Behavioral Syndrome
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suite of correlated behavior across multiple contexts
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