Zhang's Pharmaceutics Test Material

Front 1

What is the only approved antidote for radiation poisoning? (specifically for cesium and thalium)

Back 1

Prussian Blue
(hexocyanoferate)

Front 2

How does Antisense stop disease-causing proteins?

Back 2

It binds to the mRNA and prevents translation into the disease-causing proteins

Front 3

What organization establishes and enforces radiation safety standards for compounding facilities?

Back 3

NRC

Front 4

What particle[s] is [are] in beta radiation?

Back 4

A positron, negatron, or an antineutrino

Front 5

Indium-111 emits what kind of radiation?

Back 5

Gamma
--it is the diagnostic part of Zevelon

Front 6

Yttrium-90 emits what kind of radiation?

Back 6

Beta
--it is the therapeutic part of Zevelon

Front 7

What are the tracers used in PET scans and what are their half-lives?

Back 7

C-11 - 20 min
N-13 - 10 min
O-15 - 2 min
F-18 - 110 min

Front 8

What is the most commonly used tracer for PET scans?

Back 8

F-18 in 2-fluorodioxyglucose

Front 9

What are the chemically destabilizing processes that protein and peptide drugs are susceptible to?

Back 9

deamidation, oxidation, beta-elimination, hydrolysis, disulfide exchange, racemization

Front 10

In microencapsulation, what percent of the product weight is wall material?

Back 10

2 to 20%

Front 11

What can you add to a therapeutic peptide formulation to avoid adsorption?

Back 11

Amino acids: Asp, Gly, Glu, His, Lys, Arg
HSA (human serum albumin) 0.1% - 1.0%

Front 12

What is EDTA and what is its function in therapeutic peptide formulation?

Back 12

It is a chelating agent; it removes ions binding to proteins thereby improving solubility

Front 13

What is the function of PEG in therapeutic peptide formulation?

Back 13

It increases stability during freezing and thawing, and it extends the half-life of the protein

Front 14

What is the function of polyhydric alcohols in therapeutic peptide formulation?

Back 14

Increases stability by increasing water on the surface of the protein

Front 15

List the three steps in lyophilization:

Back 15

1) freeze
2) dry by sublimation
3) dry by heat

Front 16

What are the four types of excipients needed for lyophilization?

Back 16

1. bulking agents
2. tonicity modifiers
3. cryoprotectants
4. lyoprotectants

Front 17

What type of rubber is used for stoppers on protein formulation storage containers? What type of glass should the bottle be made of?

Back 17

Butyl rubber; type I glass

Front 18

What is the shelf-life of a reconstituted protein drug, if it has preservatives?

Back 18

14 days

Front 19

Reverse micelles are used to enhance ______ delivery of peptides.

Back 19

nasal

Front 20

To assess left ventricular function, red blood cells are labeled with which radionuclide?

Back 20

Tc-99m

Front 21

What is the half-life of Tc-99m?

Back 21

6 hours

Front 22

What kind of radiation does Tc-99m emit?

Back 22

Gamma

Front 23

What is the half-life of Sr-89?

Back 23

51 days

Front 24

Sr-89 emits what kind of radiation?

Back 24

Beta

Front 25

What is a protein drug with pulmonary delivery?

Back 25

Pulmozyme

Front 26

What is the half-life of Y-90?

Back 26

64.2 hours

Front 27

What type of radiation does Indium-111 emit?

Back 27

Gamma

Front 28

Which has a longer half-life, I-131 or I-123?

Back 28

I-131: half-life of 8.04 days

(I-123: half-life of 13 hours)

Front 29

Why does FDG concentrate in tumors for PET scans?

Back 29

Tumors take up more glucose than normal tissue; and once FDG is phosphorylated by hexokinase, it cannot leave the cell

Front 30

How is acetazolamide (Diamox) used in PET scanning?

Back 30

It increases cerebral blood flow --> increases delivery of radionuclide

Front 31

How is captopril (Capoten) used in PET scanning?

Back 31

It decreases glomerular filtration pressure by preventing vasoconstriction of the renal arterioles --> better renovascular imaging

Front 32

How is dipyrimadole (Persantine) used in PET scanning?

Back 32

It is an alternative for treadmill stress test, as it increases coronary blood flow by preventing deamination of adenosine, a potent vasodilator.

Front 33

If there is some Mo-99 in with your batch of Tc-99m, it does not have (radionuclide purity / radiochemical purity), which may be detected using (gamma ray spectrography / thin-layer chromatograpy).

Back 33

radionuclide purity; gamma ray spectrography

Front 34

List the four main classes of polymer chains:

Back 34

1) linear
2) cross-linked
3) branched
4) dendritic

Front 35

what is a hydrogel?

Back 35

it is a polymer that swells without dissolving when placed in an aqueous environment

Front 36

By what mechanism do polymer chains break down in a biodegradable dosage form?

Back 36

hydrolysis

Front 37

List the six requirements of a drug suitable for controlled-release dosage forms:

Back 37

1) half-life between 2-8 hours
2) no extensive first-pass clearance
3) uniformly absorbed along GI tract
4) small dose (<500mg)
5) wide margin between MEC and MTC
6) treats chronic conditions

Front 38

List the five classifications of controlled-release systems:

Back 38

1) diffusion-controlled
2) dissolution-controlled
3) ion exchange resin
4) osmotic pump
5) gastroretentive

Front 39

Name four wall-forming materials used for membrane-controlled release systems:

Back 39

Gelatin
polyvinyl alcohol
polyvinyl chloride
ethylcellulose

Front 40

When a tablet's inactive ingredients list hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, it indicates what type of controlled-release mechanism?

Back 40

diffusion through a hydrophilic matrix

Front 41

When a tablet's inactive ingredients list polymethacrylate, it indicates what type of controlled-release mechanism?

Back 41

diffusion through an inert (hydrophobic) matrix

Front 42

Tussionex uses what kind of controlled-release mechanism?

Back 42

Ion exchange resin, as well as a microencapsulation coating of PEG 3350

Front 43

What type of controlled-release mechanism do Procardia XL and Glucotrol XL use?

Back 43

osmotic pump

Front 44

Hydrocolloids are a feature of which class of controlled-release systems?

Back 44

gastroretentive

Front 45

Which type of transdermal system is best suited for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index?

Back 45

Membrane-controlled

Front 46

Which type of transdermal system is preferred for drugs with low skin flux?

Back 46

Matrix-controlled

Front 47

What controlled-release mechanisms does Norplant employ, and for how many years is it approved for use?

Back 47

Membrane-covered matrix rod; 5 years

Front 48

What are the controlling parameters of the Duros implant?

Back 48

membrane permeability;
drug concentration;
reservoir size;
osmotic engine (the damn thing has miniature pistons!)

Front 49

T/F: The Duros implant may be put into the spinal canal.

Back 49

True. Yikes.

Front 50

What is the diameter range for a drug delivery liposome?

Back 50

10 nanometers to 20 micrometers (the notes say mm, but the book says 30 nanometers to 10 micrometers, so I made the assumption)

Front 51

T/F: drug delivery liposomes can only hold amphiphilic drugs.

Back 51

False: liposomes can hold lipophilic drugs in the membrane, hydrophilic drugs in the aqueous interior, and amphiphilic drugs adsorbed at the membrane interior.

Front 52

Some drug delivery liposomes achieve targeted delivery by being sensitive to ________________?:

Back 52

changes in temperature and/or pH

Front 53

What is the diameter range of nanoparticles used for drug delivery?

Back 53

0.010 to 1.000 micrometers (10 to 1000 nanometers)

Front 54

T/F: While nanoparticles increase the stability of drug compounds and allow for high specific applications of drug delivery, they are difficult and expensive to make in large quantities.

Back 54

False: they are easily and cheaply made in large quantities.

Front 55

What is a dendrimer?

Back 55

A highly-branched polymer with attached drug particles and encapsulated drug particles

Front 56

What are the four classifications of solutions?

Back 56

1) syrup
2) elixir
3) tincture
4) spirit

Front 57

What is the definition of solubility?

Back 57

The concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature

Front 58

T/F: A solubility index of 1 means a drug is very insoluble.

Back 58

False: lower numbers are highly soluble, while high numbers (eg 10,000) indicate insolubility.

Front 59

How does the U. S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary indicate the solubility of a drug?

Back 59

By the number of milliliters that 1 gram of drug will dissolve into

Front 60

What are the three ways to purify water?

Back 60

Distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange resins

Front 61

What is the primary solvent for organic compounds?

Back 61

Ethyl alcohol

Front 62

What is the maximum portion of an oral OTC solution that may be alcohol when it is indicated for children 6 years to 12 years old?

Back 62

5%

Front 63

What solvent is an alternative for alcohol?

Back 63

Glycerin

Front 64

What type of drugs are syrup vehicles limited to?

Back 64

water-soluble

Front 65

Why must one take care with heating syrup solutions?

Back 65

Heat may invert the sugar form

Front 66

T/F: Elixirs are limited to alcohol-soluble drugs.

Back 66

False: elixirs can dissolve both water- and alcohol-soluble components

Front 67

How much dextrose does an oral rehydration solution typically contain?

Back 67

25 grams per liter

Front 68

T/F: If an oral rehydration solution is not palatable, it may be mixed with some fruit juice.

Back 68

False: do not mix rehydration solutions with fruit juice [nor milk].

Front 69

What is the minimum amount of Ca(OH)2 in a limewater solution?

Back 69

140 milligrams per 100 milliliters of solution

Front 70

What is the residue at the bottom of a bottle of calcium hydroxide solution?

Back 70

A combination of extra calcium hydroxide (for maintaining the balance of Ca(OH)2 in solution), and calcium carbonate