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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the ectoderm form?
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Nerves and skin
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What does the anterior pituitary come from?
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surface ectoderm ***
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what does the adrenal cortex come from?
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lateral plate ***
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what does the lens of the eye come from?
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surface ectoderm ***
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What does the endoderm form?
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"tubular structures". organs, gut, respiratory tract
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Lamina failed to fuse. "Fawn's beard associated with this"
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spina bifida occulta
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What vitamin will prevent SBO?
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B9/folic acid
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_____ is when the meninges protrude out
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meningocele
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_____ is when the spinal cord protrudes out
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myelocele
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_____ is when both the spinal cord and meninges protrude out
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meningomyelocele
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_____ is when the cerebellar peduncles come below foramen magnum
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Arnold Chiari syndrome type I
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failure of maxillary and palatine bones to fuse
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cleft palate
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(epimere or hypomere) dorsal, posterior mm, extensors?
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epimere ***
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(epimere or hypomere) ventral, anterior mm, flexors?
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hypomere ***
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what is considered the midgut? (from what to what)
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last 2/3rd of duodenum to 1st 2/3 of transverse colon
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What does the gubernaculum become in females?
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suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian lig, and round lig (in inguinal canal)
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Where is Wenicke's area?
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junction of parietal, occipital, temporal. (POT)
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In neurons, what creates the (-) charge inside the cell? outside?
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large protein molecules; sodium
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What do receptors do?
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allow Na+ to leak into the cell
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Pacinian receptors are for _____
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vibration
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Ruffini receptors are for _____
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joint position sense
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free naked nerve endings are for _____
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pain and temp
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meissner's/merkel receptors are for _____
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touch
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What is the subnormal period AKA?
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hyperpolarized; relative refractory period
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What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spine? Of the brain?
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spine = glycine; brain = GABA
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What part of the brain deals with vasomotor, cardiac centers, autonomics, CN 5-12?
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medulla and pons
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What part of the brain has reflexes to light and sound, proximal flexor relay, motoric relay and CN 3 & 4?
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midbrain
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What part of the thalamus is sensory from the face?
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VPM
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What part of the thalamus is sensory from arms and legs?
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VPL
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What part of the thalamus is sensory from the eyes?
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lateral geniculate
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what part of the thalamus is for sensory from the ears?
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medial geniculate
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What can destroy Wernicke's area?
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B1/thiamine deficiency due to alcoholism ***
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What part of the brain deals with smell?
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parahippocampal cells in uncal area of temporal lobe. (UNCUS IS THE SKUNKUS)
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What happens with damage of the hippocampus?
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anterograde amnesia (Alzheimers)
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Where are the "Giant Cells of Betz" found?
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fronal lobe
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What is the main cause of motor aphasia?
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from middle cerebral artery stroke ***
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What is the function of the basal ganglia?
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to inhibit the thalamus (stop motor response)
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When the basal ganglia is dysfunctional and trivial information elicits a motor response, it's called _____
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Parkinson's disease
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What is the AKA for Parkinson's disease?
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paralysis agitans
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What are the inclusion bodies found with Parkinson's?
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Lewy bodies
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If there is a genetic defect in caudate, it's called _____. What chromosome is associated with this?
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Huntington's Chorea; chromsome 4
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Putamen + caudate = _____
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striatum
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Lentiform = _____+_____
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globus pallidus + putamen
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What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
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hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, rage, fear
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What cells form the blood brain barrier?
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astrocytes
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What are the macrophages of the nervous system?
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microglia
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What cells line the ventricles? What is their function?
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ependymal cells; CSF production ***
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Where is CSF resorbed?
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in arachnoid granulations of superior saggital sinus ***
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What cells produce myelin in CNS? in PNS?
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oligodendrocytes; schwann cells
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What is demyelinization of the CNS called? The PNS?
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CNS = multiple sclerosis. PNS = Guillian-Barre
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What is the function of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses?
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allows peristalsis. Meissner's = mucosal, Auerbach's = muscular
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No peristalsis will lead to a congenital megacolon. This is AKA _____
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Hirschprung's disease
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what cells are responsible for inhibiting the alpha motor neuron by way of negative feedback?
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Renshaw cells
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_____ waves are quiet, meditative and disappear in sleep
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alpha
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_____ waves are for intense mental activity and for REM sleep
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beta
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_____ waves are for deep sleep or coma
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Delta
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_____ waves are normal in children, and abnormal in adults (stress, suicidal)
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theta
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_____ fibers connect up and down both directions
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projection ***
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_____ fibers connect L to R brain
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commissural ***
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_____ fibers connect the same hemisphere from frontal to tempral
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association ***
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Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to _____, and secondarily sensitive to _____.
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increase in PCO2; decrease in O2
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What is Wallenberg syndrome?
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damage to PICA
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What is the 1st branch of the internal carotid?
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opthalmic artery
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External carotid ---> _____ ---> _____
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external to maxillary to middle meningeal ***
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What does the Great cerebral vein of galen drain into?
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straight sinus. (GREAT IS STRAIGHT)
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Where is the straight sinus located?
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tentorium cerebelli
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Where does the superior cerebral vein drain into?
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superior sagittal sinus (SUPERIOR IS SUPERIOR)
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Where is the superio sagittal sinus found?
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falx cerebri
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What is hydrocephalus?
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when there is a blockage of CSF. "Water on the brain"
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What is the anterior attachment of the falx cerebri?
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crista gali of ethmoid ***
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What is the posterior attachment of the falx cerebri?
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tentorium cerebelli ***
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What is the AKA for confluence of sinuses?
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Torcular Herophilis ***
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Damage to middle meningeal a. is _____ hemorrhage
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epidural
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damage to venous system is _____ hemorrhage
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subdural
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Rupture of a Beri aneurysm = _____ hemorrhage
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subarachnoid
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