Zaman 10-15-07 Renal Med

Front 1

Hyponatremia, the most common electrolyte disorder, is
defined as a reduced plasma sodium concentration to a
value less than ____ mEq/L.

Back 1

135

Front 2

The 4 most common causes of hyponatremia are given, together with a fifth, rare, cause, ______ syndrome.

Back 2

Bartter's

Front 3

Schizophrenia causes hyponatremia due to
a) Na+ loss
B) water retention

Back 3

b

Front 4

All confirmed serum Na abnormalities must be
followed up with _____ on the patient who should
be fluid restricted.

Back 4

urinalysis

Front 5

This triad of findings strongly suggests overhydration as
the cause.

Back 5

Low HCT
Low BUN
low urine osmolality , i.e., < 300 mOsm

Front 6

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
secondary to __________

Back 6

head trauma, seizures,
other CNS diseases, and neoplastic conditions
especially lung, breast and ovarian cancers, that
secrete ADH-like hormones,

Front 7

Aldosterone Deficit
This condition is secondary to
____

Back 7

Addison's disease and
AIDS-related hypoadrenalism.

Front 8

This condition resembles diuretic use except that the
hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction.

Back 8

Bartter's Syndrome

Front 9

The commonest, yet not widely known, cause of
pseudohyponatremia is in vitro hemolysis, a well-known
cause of pseudohyperkalemia.

Back 9

Pseudohyponatremia

Front 10

Functionally, this condition is the reverse of SIADH,
i.e., water retention in the tubules is not adequate.

Back 10

Diabetes insipidus (DI).

Front 11

This condition may result from adrenal hyperplasia,
Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease.

Back 11

Hyperaldosteronism

Front 12

Diarrhea causes direct K+ loss in the stool, but in
vomiting hypokalemia is mainly the result of K+ loss in
the _____ rather than in the vomitus, since, as
discussed above, vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis,
and the subsequent renal excretion of bicarbonate
leads to renal K+ wasting.

Back 12

urine

Front 13

Increase in PRA will always lead to increase in PA (20
aldosteronism), unless the rise in PRA is caused by a
primary defect in aldosterone secretion. PRA may be high
because of:

Back 13

volume depletion secondary to renal or extrarenal salt loss
abnormality in renin secretion, e.g., reninoma
(hemangiopericytoma of afferent arteriole), malignant
hypertension, renal artery stenosis
increased renin substrate production, e.g., oral contraceptives.

Front 14

Causes of Pseudohyperkalemia

Back 14

Thrombocytosis, severe leukocytosis, use of tourniquet with fist exercise, in
vitro hemolysis