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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vaccination helped completely eradicate *** and by ***(year) not a single case was reported.
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smallpox
1977 |
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In addition to smallpox, *** was predicted to be eradicated but has had outbreaks continue due to the *** of immunization.
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polio
cessation |
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D***, m***, m***, p***, p***, r*** and t*** have declined dramatically due to immunization practice.
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Diphtheria
measles, mumps pertussis, poliomyelitis Rubella tetanus |
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New vaccines have been released for the childhood disease ***.
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bacterial pneumonia
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There is a HUGE need for vaccines against ***, ***, and ***.
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malaria, tuberculosis(TB), and HIV
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WHO estimates *** persons/day are infected with HIV.
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14,000
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Diseases causing *#* of *** deaths could be prevented with vaccines currently available.
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millions
infant |
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Vaccine development begins with b*** r***. Advances in the areas of *** and *** *** have led to effective new vaccines.
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basic research
immunology and molecular biology |
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The study of these two specific mechanisms greatly aids vaccine development.
1) 2) |
1) How T&B cells recognize antigenic epitopes.
2) Antigen processing pathways & presentation w/MHC molecules. |
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How does the study of T&B cell antigenic epitope recognition help vaccine development?..........
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maximum activation of immune system responses
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How does the study of antigen processing & presentation pathways help vaccine development? *** and ***.
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Discovering new adjuvants
Maximum antigen presentation |
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Adjuvants are used in vaccinations to ***(result) through effects on the *** & *** of antigens(mechanisms).
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improve efficacy
processing & delivery |
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Active immunization induces immunity through the *** of pathogens or their *** into the body.
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inoculation
components |
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*** immunization is achieved by inoculation with pathogens or its components that induce immunity.
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Active
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*** immunity is the transfer of active ***(type) immunity in the form of readymade ***, from one individual to another.
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Passive
humoral antibodies |
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*** immunization is used when there is high infection risk & insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response.
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Passive
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Passive immunization is routinely administered to individuals exposed to b***, d***, h***, m***, r***, and t***.
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botulism, diphtheria, hepatitis, measles, rabies, and tetanus
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Active immunization elicits ***-term protection.
Passive immunization elicits ***-term protection. |
long
short |
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Active immunization can be achieved through *natural/artificial* infection w/a ***(noun) or *naturally/artificially* through a ***(noun).
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natural - microorganism
artificially - vaccine |
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In active immunization, antigen-reactive *** cells results in the formation of memory cells.
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T and B
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Vaccination begins at about the age of ***.
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2 months
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*** vaccine is recommended for children between the age of *** and ***.
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Hepatitis A
12 and 23 months |
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Vaccinations for adults depends on their *** group. Vaccines for m***, p***, and i*** are given to groups w/*** or groups ***.
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risk
meningitis, pneumonia, & influenza reduced immunity living in close quarters |
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To develop a vaccine, what are 3 factors need consideration?
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1) Measurable immune response
2) Know if it's humoral or cell-mediated activation 3) Development of immunologic memory |
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The influenza virus has a incubation period of ***(time) which is relatively *** ***.
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1-2 days
very short |
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Flu symptoms are already there by the time *** are finally ***.
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memory cells
activated |
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Pathogens with ***(life cycle property) do not need high antibody levels at time of infection to be effectively combated.
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longer incubation periods
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Poliovirus requires more than ***(time) to infect ***(anatomy). This gives time for memory cells to produce high levels of antibody.
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3 days
CNS |
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Immunization w/*** vaccine(inactivated poliovirus vaccine) allows high levels of antibody w/in *** & then declines. Memory response continues to climb for *** and persists for ***.
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Salk - 2 weeks
6 months - years |
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*** infects the CNS.
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Poliovirus
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Live, Attenuated Vaccines lose the ability to c*** s*** *** but retain capacity to grow *** in a host.
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cause significant disease
transiently |
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Cowpox AKA *** is a naturally attenuated agent used to give *** immunity. It is a ***(type of vaccine).
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Vaccinia virus
small pox naturally attenuated agent |
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*** ***(***) attenuated through growth in abnormal culture media(increasing concentration of ***) for *** years.
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Mycobacterium bovis(BCG)
bile - 13 years |
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Polio virus is attenuated by growth in *** cells.
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monkey kidney epithelial
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*** is attenuated by growth in monkey kidney epithelial cells
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Polio virus
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Inactivated vaccines are also called *** vaccines.
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killed
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Inactivated vaccines are achieved through *** or *** means. These pathogens can *** but cannot *** in host.
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heat or chemical
raise immune response replicate in host |
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In inactivated vaccines, the structures of *** on *** antigens must be maintained during inactivation.
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epitopes - surface
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Heat inactivation causes protein *** so it's more prone to failure.
Chemical inactivation w/*** or *** has been more successful. |
denaturation
formaldehyde or alkylating agents |
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Subunit Vaccines are... *** *** *** derived from pathogens. There is *** risk compared to *** or *** pathogens
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specific purified macromolecules
less - attenuated or killed |
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3 general forms of subunit vaccines...
1) 2) 3) |
1) Inactivated exotoxins or toxoids
2) Capsular polysaccharides 3) Recombinant protein antigens |
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Subunit Vaccines: toxoids
Pathogens such as d*** & t*** produce *** which can be purified and inactivated w/formaldehyde to form toxoids. |
diphtheria & tetanus
exotoxins toxoids |
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To obtain the exotoxins in good quantity the gene can be *** in a*** h*** and purified.
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expressed in another host
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A *** vaccine covalently attaches a ***(quality) antigen to a ***(type) protein, thereby conferring its immunological attributes.
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conjugate
poor carrier |
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In a subunit 'capsular polysaccharide' vaccine, coating ***(quality) polysaccharide capsules w/*** &/or *** makes them targets for *** & *** cells.
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hydrophilic
antibodies - complement macrophages - neutrophils |
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Some pathogen employ their ***(quality)
polysaccharide capsule to evade ***(class) cells. |
hydrophilic
phagocytes |
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Pathogens *** and ***(scientific names) can be prevented by immunization w/ purified capsular polysaccharides.
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S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis
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S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis can be prevented by immunization w/***.
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purified capsular polysaccharides.
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The one limitation of polysaccharide vaccines is their inability to ***.
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activate Th
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Polysaccharide can be conjugated to a protein such as ***, to which most people are immunized. This allows for phagocytosis and subsequent APC presentation of epitotes from *** ***.
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diphtheria toxoid
weak antigens |
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Subunit Vaccines: Viral Glycoproteins
Some viral glycoproteins like ***(specific protein) from type *#* ***(virus) has been found to be effective in preventing ***(anatomic loc.) herpes. |
Glycoprotein-D
2 herpes simplex virus genital |
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The herpes simplex virus vaccine uses the *** method.
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Subunit Viral Glycoprotein
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Subunit Vaccines: Recombinant Protein Antigens
Any immunogenic protein can be expressed in a h*** h*** (***, ***, and ***(types of hosts)) using ***. |
heterogeneous host
bacterial, yeast, and mammalian Recombinant DNA Technology |
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HBsAg?
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Hepatitis-B Virus surface Antigen
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The 1st subunit 'recombinant protein antigen' vaccine was approved for ***. Cloning of major antigen (***) was done in *** cells
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hepatitis B
HBsAg(Hep. B virus surface Ag) yeast |
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Subunit Vaccines: synthetic peptide vaccines
Identify most a*** e*** in a s*** p*** and create synthetic peptide as vaccine. |
active epitope - subunit protein
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The advantage of "synthetic peptide subunit vaccines" is the ease of *** and its complete ***. However, *** are not as immunogenic as ***(nouns).
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of synthesis - safety
peptides - proteins |
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The use of *** and *** can assist the efficacy of synthetic peptide subunit vaccines.
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conjugates and adjuvants
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*** vaccine is a new type of vaccination method. *** are now under way. The big advantage of this method is that there is ***.
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DNA
Clinical trials no need for refrigeration |
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DNA Vaccines:
*** cells can take up DNA and express encoded genes. DNA is introduced as a *** with *** enabling high levels of pathogen protein production. |
Muscle
plasmid promoters |
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*** *** vaccines encode foreign antigens into the genome of attenuated viruses/bacteria such as vaccinia virus.
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Recombinant vector
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Recombinant vector vaccines encode f*** a*** g*** into the genome of an ***(state) ***/***(types of vectors) such as ***(specific vector).
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foreign antigen genes
attenuated viruses/bacteria vaccinia virus |
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The bacteria/virus host of Recombinant Vector Vaccines directs the expression of *** as well as the expression of ***.
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its own antigens
pathogen’s antigens |
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Immunological Memory:
Memory of antibody responses is based on *** produced in the *** during primary antibody response. |
memory B cells
germinal centers |
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Immunological Memory:
Memory B cells have class switched to Ig***/***/*** & undergone *** *** (process). Can rapidly differentiation into ***(property) antibody *** ***(type) cells. |
IgG/A/E
affinity maturation high-affinity - secreting plasma |
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Immunological Memory:
Memory CD*** ***-cells are in higher #s than prior to antigen exposure. Can differentiate more rapidly into **s which also secrete more ***. |
CD8 T
Tc s cytokines |
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*** *** are sites w/in lymph where intense mature B lymphocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate.
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Germinal centers
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