Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
My shorthand...
1) TA? 2) MinTA? 3) MajTA? |
transplantation antigen
minor transplantation antigen major transplantation antigen |
|
|
T-cells go through what series of organs?
|
Bone Marrow > Blood > Thymus > Blood > Peripheral Tissue
|
|
|
Transplantation - Transferring ***, ***, or *** from one site to another to cure disease.
|
cells, tissues, or organs
|
|
|
Supply of transplantation organs is provided by *** and ***.
|
accident victims
living donors |
|
|
The most formidable barrier in transplantation success is ***.
|
the immune system
|
|
|
The first kidney transplant was attempted in year *** by a *** surgeon and was/was not successful.
|
1935
russian was not |
|
|
The first successful kidney transplant was performed in Boston in *** between ***(persons).
|
1954
identical twins |
|
|
Immunosuppresive agents like *** & *** *** can delay/prevent rejection.
|
drugs & specific antibodies
|
|
|
*** is a transplant of tissue from one site to another in the same individual.
|
Autograft
|
|
|
*** is a transplant performed between genetically identical individuals.
|
Isograft
|
|
|
*** is a transplant between non-genetically identical individuals of the same species.
|
Allograft
|
|
|
*** is a transplant between two different species.
|
Xenograft
|
|
|
*** is the most common type of transplant.
|
allograft
|
|
|
First set rejection - After revascularization the graft is infiltrated w/ ***, ***, *** and other *** cells.
|
lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils
inflammatory |
|
|
When second graft is tried using the same tissue... graft rejection occurs *** ***.
|
more quickly
|
|
|
Graft rejection occurs because of blood vessel clot formation called *** & subsequent cellular ***.
|
thrombosis
necrosis |
|
|
The injection of *** can cause a naive mouse to experience second set rejection on its first graft.
|
spleenic T cells
|
|
|
The most important cytokine involved in rejection is ***. Major transplantation antigens are *** & *** epitotes.
|
IL-2
MHC I & MHC II |
|
|
The interaction of ***(class) cells and *** cells are the main INITIATORS of rejection.
|
APC and Th cell
|
|
|
#1. CD* & CD*/* >><< MHC
#2. TCR-CD*** >><< APC-* ====ACTIVATION==== |
3 & 4/8 >><< MHC
CD28 >><< B7 |
|
|
Rejection stimulating transplantation antigens fall into these two categories...
|
– Major transplantation antigens
– Minor transplantation antigens |
|
|
HLA?
|
Human Leukocyte Antigens
|
|
|
The general class of *** genes of the human MHC complex play a large role in graft rejection. These include *these* six genes involved in rejection...
|
HLA
HLA-A/B/C/DP/DQ/DR |
|
|
The immunogenicity of foreign MHC antigens are due to the highly *** *** of MHC DNA ***.
|
polymorphic nature
loci |
|
|
Graft Rejection:
Class I MHC antigens stimulate... 1) *** 2) *** |
1) strong antibody response
2) CD8 Tc cells RESPONSE |
|
|
Graft Rejection:
Class II MHC antigens stimulate... 1) *** 2) *** |
2) antibody response
2) CD4 T cells INTO "effector Th" cells |
|
|
Graft Rejection:
Th help in... 1) *** 2) *** 3) *** |
1) generation of antibody MHC
2) generations of CD8 cytotoxic T cells 3) development of DTH reactions(T DTH) |
|
|
Anti-graft antibodies:
MHC II stimulates "*** cells" which differentiate into "*** cells" generating anti-graft antibodies. |
B-cells
Plasma Cells |
|
|
Graft donor & recipient can have 'other non-MHC *** proteins.' MHC is *** polymorphic while these others are *** polymorphic.
|
antigenic
more less |
|
|
Compared to MHC, 'non-MHC antigenic proteins' numbering *** than *#* do/do not stimulate as strong of a rejection. They are recognized by recipient’s ***-cells in association with ***.
|
greater than 70
do not T self-MHC |
|
|
During rejection: In addition to generation of antibodies against major antigens... the body also generates antibodies against ***.
|
minor antigens
|
|
|
Any *** protein can be a potential minor transplantation antigen.
|
polymorphic
|
|
|
Internal protein "TA" can be presented by *** to stimulate *** *** cells.
|
class I MHC
CD8 T |
|
|
TA proteins taken up by dendritic cells can be processed & presented on *** to stimulate *** cells... which then go on to provide help to *** & *** *** cell response.
|
class II MHC
CD4 T antibody and CD8 T |
|
|
TA proteins taken up by *** cells can be processed & presented on class II MHC to stimulate CD4 T cells which help antibody and CD8 T cell response.
|
dendritic
|
|
|
Name the three types of rejection...
|
Hyperacute rejection
Acute rejection Chronic rejection |
|
|
*** type rejection occurs when pre-existing antibody binds to antigens resulting in...
1) *** 2) *** |
hyperacute rejection
1) complement fixation 2) activation of clotting pathways |
|
|
*** type rejection is equivalent to the primary immune response. Many effector mechanisms can be generated such as ***(noun), ***(noun), and ***(type) responses...
|
acute rejection
antibody, Tc cells, and DTH responses |
|
|
*** type rejection occurs after more than ***(time) from initial time of grafting. The *** of the ***(anatomy) can *** eventually stopping nutrition and ***.
|
Chronic rejection
a year arterial walls - artery - occlude functioning |
|
|
Preventing Graft Rejection:
1st step is... 2nd step is... 3rd step is... |
1) blood type / cross-match
2) HLA-typing(best match) 3) Immunosuppression |
|
|
Preventing Graft Rejection:
Cross-matching tests recipient for ***. |
pre-existing antibody to donor
|
|
|
Preventing Graft Rejection:
Cross matching involves taking *** from recip. & adding *** from the donor w/some ***. |
serum
leukocytes complement |
|
|
Preventing Graft Rejection:
During cross-matching, if recipient has antibody to host it will *** and *** complement causing *** of the cells. |
bind and fix
lysis |
|
|
During cross-matching a *** dye called *** *** is used to differentiate lysed / unlysed cells. The lysed cells become *** due to the *** of *** ***.
|
vital
trypan blue blue influx of external solution |
|
|
During HLA typing, *** from donor and recipient are added to separate *** of a *** plate.
|
WBC
wells of a microtiter |
|
|
During HLA-typing... many different types of donor *** *** is tested w/the a*** c*** of the recipient to detect ***(bad).
|
HLA antigen
allelic counterpart complement |
|
|
The #1 most influential HLA in graft rejection/acceptance is...
|
HLA-DR
|
|
|
The more colored wells that donor & recip. share... the better/worse the chances are for graft acceptance.
|
better
|
|
|
*** *** suppression is the best way to repress immune system because it will not affect body immune response to other pathogens.
|
Antigen specific
|
|
|
Antigen specific suppression is the best way to repress immune system because it...
|
will not affect immune response to other pathogens
|
|
|
*** *** immunosuppression involves drugs or antibodies that affect entire immune response to other pathogens.
|
Non-antigen specific
|
|
|
Non-antigen specific immunosuppression involves *** or ***.
|
drugs or antibodies
|
|
|
Non-antigen specific immunosuppression increases the risk of *** and *** of some types of ***.
|
infection
development... tumors |
|
|
The first class of immunosuppression drugs were *** which i*** p*** of l*** and mostly affect rapidly dividing cells of b*** *** & g*** ***. The most common being ***.
|
anti-mitotic agents
inhibit proliferation of lymphocytes bone marrow & gut epithelium azathioprine |
|
|
***(drug class) affect transcription of many genes in lymphocytes & other cells... affecting L*** m*** resulting in fewer cells e*** t*** g***. The most common drug being ***.
|
Corticosteroids
lymphocyte migration entering the graft prednisolone |
|
|
Until *** a combination of azathioprine & prednisolone was the treatment of choice.
|
1980
|
|
|
Until 1980 a combination of *** & *** was the treatment of choice.
|
azathioprine & prednisolone
|
|
|
*** was the first a fungal product that inhibited CD4 T cells function by inhibiting the IL-2 pathway.
|
Ciclosporin
|
|
|
Ciclosporin is a fungal product that inhibits *** *** function by ***.
|
CD4 T cell function
inhibiting the IL-2 pathway |
|
|
After the discovery of the fungal product ciclosporin... *** and *** were discovered.
|
tacrolimus and sirolimus
|
|
|
If you want to suppress the immune system using something other than drugs... *** can be used to inhibit T cell function.
|
antibodies
|
