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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune systems can go awry and attack s*** a*** (self) causing c*** and a***(categories) diseases... such as r*** a***, m*** s***, and *** *** ***.
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self antigens
chronic and acute rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis SLE |
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*** protects an individual from self reactive lymphocytes.
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Tolerance
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When the immune system attacks self antigens it does so through ***(noun) and ***(noun).
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auto-antibody
self-reactive T-cells |
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Central Tolerance is a ***(order/tissue) mechanism that ***(action) ***/*** clone cells possessing *** recognizing receptors. Peripheral Tolerance takes place in *** lymphoid tissues and leads to *** or *** cells.
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Primary - deletes
T/B - self antigen secondary - inactive or anergic |
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Despite safeguards, self-reactive B/T lymphocyte clones are occasionally activated and generate *** or ***(medium) responses against self-antigens on *** and ***.
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humoral or cell mediated
self antigens cells & organs |
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Name a few "organ specific autoimmune diseases" in humans...
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spontaneous infertility
Addison's disease Grave's disease Myasthenia gravis |
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Name a few "systemic autoimmune diseases" in humans...
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Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)
Multiple sclerosis Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Antigens that induce tolerance are called ***.
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tolerogens
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Antigen presentation to T-cells with costimulation results in ***.
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immunogenic response
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Antigen presentation to T-cells without costimulation results in ***.
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tolerance
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Some chemical compound can be a *** or ***(opposites) depending on how it's presented to the immune system.
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immunogen or tolerogen
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What FOUR factors promote tolerance?
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high doses of antigen
persistence I/V or oral introduction low levels of costimulants |
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Transgenic mice expressing HEL self-antigens AND anti-HEL *B-cells* must go through either ***(-) or *** ***(+). This is a *** tolerance mechanism.
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deletion
receptor editing central tolerance |
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Transgenic mice expressing HEL self-antigens injected w/anti-HEL *B-cells* in *** tissue experience ***(state) due to a lack of *** ***. This is a *** tolerance mechanism.
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peripheral
anergy T-cell help peripheral |
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Th activation....
1) intializes 2) then this is required 3) *** expression is then induced |
1) TCR-CD3 complex w/antigen
2) costim. signal TCR-CD28 w/ APC-B7 3) CTLA-4 |
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CTLA-4 expression is induced after T-cell activation to ensure *** & *** of ***.
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control & regulation
T-cell activation |
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PT?
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peripheral tolerance
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*** is a subset of CD4 T-cells inducing peripheral tolerance by s*** r*** to self antigens.
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Treg
suppressing reactions |
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Treg cells express high levels of *** and have *** affinity for self-antigens.
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CD25
intermediate |
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Treg cells in the secondary lymphoid tissue and sites of inflammation can induce ***.
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PT
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Treg cells are a subset of *** *-cells.
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CD4 T-cells
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Treg cells can suppress when *** is overexpressed.
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Foxp3
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Thymocytes showing low affinity for self-antigens turn into *** & those showing intermediate affinity turn into ***.
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T cells
Treg cells |
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*** and *** are immune-mediated inflammatory diseases caused by failure of *** or *** affecting **% of all people w/an *** incidence rate. Can be result of ***(self) or ***(nonself) mediated by *** or ***.
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MS & psoriasis - tolerance or regulation
2-5% - increasing autoimmunity or microbial antigens Tcells or antibodies |
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*** is a stimulating auto-antibodies disease whose main affect is u*** o*** of *** ***.
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Graves' disease
unregulated overproduction of thyroid hormones |
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Graves' disease is a *** auto-antibodies disease. *** is involved in a *** *** control of t*** h*** p***.
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stimulating
TSH negative feedback thyroid hormone production |
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*** is a blocking auto-antibodies disease involving ***.
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Myasthenia gravis
acetylcholine |
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Myasthenia gravis is caused by an auto-antibody that competes w/*** for ***... in *** n*** s*** pathways causing the main symptom of i*** *** a***.
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acetylcholine
AChR receptors muscle nerve signalling inhibited muscle activation |
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*** ***: When *** or *** possess antigenic determinants identical or similar to host cell components... potentially contributing to ***(general type) disease.
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Molecular Mimicry
viruses or bacteria autoimmune |
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When *#* different monoclonal antibodies (specific for *#* different ***) were tested, more than ***% bound to *** tissue suggesting *** *** is common.
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600 - - 11 different viruses
3% - tissue - molecular mimicry |
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TSH?
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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