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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The endocrine system is linked to the nervous system through the _______.
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hypothalamus
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7 endocrine glands
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pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testicles, pancreas, and kidneys
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2 reasons hormones are administered to animals
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to correct a deficiency of that hormone or to obtain a described effect
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What are exogenous hormones?
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Those that are administered to animals either orally or parenterally
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What are endogenous hormones?
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Those that are naturally produced
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6 types of hormonal therapy
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corticosteroids, prostaglandins, progestins, oxytocin, estrogen, and replacement therapy
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What are corticosteroids used for in terms of hormonal therapy?
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decrease inflammation (from arthritis, itching) and to tx shock
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Glucocorticoids used most are ______, many generic
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synthetic
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Name a popular injectable glucocorticoid
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dexamethasone/Azium®
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Generic name for Azium®
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dexamethasone
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Brand name for dexamethasone
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Azium®
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What synthetic mineralcorticoid is used as replacement therapy for hypoadrenocorticism?
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Florinef®
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What type of hormonal therapy is primarily used to correct infertility problems in food-producing animals and horses? Sometimes used in small animals.
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prostaglandins
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What prostaglandin is commonly used in large animal medicine to synchronize reproductive cycles?
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Lutalyse®
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What group of drugs are similar in effect to progesterone?
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progestins
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What drugs are used to clinically suppress estrus and to tx false pregnancy and behavioral disorders? They mimic diestrus and prevent estrus.
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progestins
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Name of progestin used to clinically suppress estrus.
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megesterolacetate/Ovaban®
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Trade name for megesterolacetate
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Ovaban®
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Generic name for Ovaban®
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megesterolacetate
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What hormonal therapy is used to increase uterine contractions during labor, helps expel the placenta and decrease bleeding, and stimulates milk let-down following delivery.
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oxytocin
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What kind of hormonal therapy are estradiol cypionate/ECP®/Mismate®, diethylstilbestrol/DES, and phenylpropanolamine/Propagest®?
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estrogen
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What estrogen therapy is used w/i 72 hours of a mismating to induce abortion and prevent pregnancy?
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estradiol cypionate/ECP®/Mismate®
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Trade name for estradiol cypionate
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ECP®/Mismate®
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generic name for ECP®/Mismate®
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estradiol cypionate
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What estrogen therapy is used to tx urinary incontinence in spayed dogs - it increases bladder sphincter tone.
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diethylstilbestrol/DES®
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Trade name for diethylstilbestrol
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DES®
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generic name for DES®
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diethylstilbestrol
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What is an alternative estrogen therapy to DES?
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phenylpropanolamine/Propagest
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Two most common drugs used for replacement therapy?
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insulin for diabetes and thyroxine for thyroid deficiencies
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Hypothyroidism is primarily and ____ dog problem.
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old dog - hey, I have to make a couple of these easy so I get one right every now and again!
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Clinical signs associated w/ ________ usually resolve w/i a short time after the initiation of therapy, but therapy is life long.
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hypothyroidism
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Three causes of hypothyroidism
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iodine deficiency, thyroid gland malfunction, and pituitary gland malfunction
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Symetrical alopecia, lethargy, infertility, obesity, heat seeking, and decreased sexual drive are all symptoms of what?
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hypothyroidism
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How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
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Thyroid panels (T4, free T4, TSH) and TSH stimulation test
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What is TSH?
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thyroid stimulating hormone
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Name four brand names of levothyroxine/T4
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Soloxine®, Thyro-Form®, Nutrived T4®, and Synthroid®
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Soloxine®, Thyro-Form®, Nutrived®, and Synthroid® are all types of what?
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levothyroxine/T4
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Tx of ____ is directed at lowering blood levels of T3/T4. Drug therapy to block hormone production can be effective but is not a cure and is considered long term therapy.
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hyperthyroidism
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Another tx for ____ is removal of the thyroid gland which can be done surgically or through use of radioactive iodine to destroy the gland.
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hyperthyroidism
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Hyperthyroidism is primarily a dz of old ____.
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cats - yeah, another one I got right!
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PP/PU, weight loss, hyperactivity, and tachycardia are all symptoms of what?
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hyperthyroidism
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How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?
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Thyroid panels - T4, free T4, TSH
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methimazole/Tapazole® and propylthiouracil are meds used to tx what?
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hyperthyroidism
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Brand name for methimazole?
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Tapazole ®
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generic name for Tapazole®
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methimazole
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Why must an animal remain hospitalized when using radioactive iodine to tx hyperthyroidism?
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need to remain until secretions are no longer radioactive
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What condition can make kidney problems - the heart is pumping so hard that too much blood is going to the kidneys?
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hyperthyroidism
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Another name for hyperadrenocorticism?
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Cushing's dz
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Another name for Cushing's dz?
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hyperadrenocorticism
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Symetrical alopecia, pot-bellied appearance, thin rice-paper skin and loss of muscle mass, PU, PD, and PP are all signs of what?
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hyperadrenocorticism
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3 causes of hyperadrenocorticism
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pituitary gland tumor, adrenal gland tumor, and iatrogenic
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lysodren/Mitotane® and Anipryl® are drug tx for what?
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hyperadrenocorticism
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Drug therapy for ______ suppresses cortisol production by supressing the adrenal gland.
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hyperadrenocorticism
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What dz is caused by excessive amounts of cortisol in the body?
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hyperadrenocorticism/Cushing's
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Is surgical removal of the adrenal tumor a tx for hyperadrenocorticism/Cushing's?
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Yes, but it may regenterate
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What dz results from inadequate cortisol in the body?
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hypoadrenocorticism/Addison's Dz
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Another name for Addison's dz?
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hypoadrenocorticism
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Another name for hypoadrenocorticism?
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Addison's Dz
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Signs of Addison's/hypoadrenocorticism?
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weakness, V/D, lethargy
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2 causes of Addison's/hypoadrenocorticism?
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inadequate cortisol in the body, autoimmune problem - destruction of adrenal gland
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fludrocortisone/Florinef® (mineralcorticoid), and glococorticoid thereapy such ad prednisone, are drugs used to tx what?
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hypoadrenocorticism/Addison's
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What is a very complex dz resulting from the inability of the beta cells of the pancreas to produce enough insulin or from altered insulin action?
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diabetes
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Diabetes that results from inadequate insulin production is called _______ or insulin-dependent diabetes. This is the most common type in dogs and cats.
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Type 1
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Diabetes _________ is the kind where the body produces enough insulin, but the cells are not able to respond to it.
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Type II
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What is considered the most important anabolic hormone?
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Insulin
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What is produced by special cells in the pancreas and causes a decrease in blood glucose?
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Insulin
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In the absence of insulin, the body cannot use _______ as an energy source and must break down its own fat reserves to be converted for energy.
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glucose
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Action of insulin is related to what three organs?
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Brain, liver, and kidneys
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What allows glucose uptake and storage in the form of glycogen and fat, and promotes the synthesis of protein, fatty acids and glycogen?
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insulin
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What inhibits the breakdown of fat, protein, and glycogen into forms that may be used as energy sources?
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Insulin
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What is the main energy source for the body and the **only** energy source for the brain?
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glucose
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What is the normal blood glucose level?
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70-120 mg/dl
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Define renal threshold
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Level at which glucose spills over out of kidneys into the urine
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What is the result of inadequate insulin production?
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cells are starving and tell the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, glucose can't get into the cells to be used for energy, glucose levels become too high, and glucose spills over into the urine because the renal threshold has become too high.
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When there is inadequate insulin production in the body, fat tissue is broken down into fatty acids to be used as an energy source. The by-product of this process is _______.
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ketones
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Lab findings w/ diabetes?
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increase blood glucose, glucose in the urine, and ketones in the urine which is more indicative of diabetes than glucose in the urine
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Some signs of diabetes?
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PU, PD, PP, weight loss
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Some predisposing factors for diabetes?
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genetic/breed, obesity, hormonal disorders, long term steroid use, destruction of beta cells in the pancreas from recurrent pancreatitis or autoimmune dz
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How is diabetes diagnosed?
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fasting blood glucose levels drawn, persistent fasting hyperglycemia, ketonuria, glycosuria
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Forms of insulin therapy vary according to what three factors?
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The chemical the insulin is bound to, the time of peak effect, the duration of action
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3 classifications of insulin
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rapid acting(regular/semilente), intermediate acting(lente), and long acting(ultralente)
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What is rapid acting insulin called?
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semilente
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What is intermediate acting insulin called?
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lente
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What is long-acting insulin called?
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ultralente
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What insulin is used for acute tx?
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rapid-acting/semilente
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What insulin is used for maintenance in dogs?
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intermediate-acting/lente
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What insulin is used for maintenance in cats?
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long-acting/ultralente
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Insulin is dosed by _____, not ml.
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units
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What forms of insulin are suspensions?
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NPH/lente and ultralente
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What routes are insulin administered?
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IV for stabilization of acute cases, SQ for maintenance
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What is the goal of patient regulation in the tx of diabetes?
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to provide enough insulin from an outside source to prevent the symptoms of diabetes
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Why is spaying recommended for female dogs w/ diabetes?
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progesterone affects blood glucose levels
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Why is a high fiber diet used in tx of diabetes?
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helps maintain constant caloric intake
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Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and cataracts are all complications/conditions related to what?
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diabetes
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What is hypoglycemia?
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blood glucose below 70 mg/dl
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What is the cause of hypoglycemia?
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overdose of insulin in relation to caloric intake, or to increased stress or exercise
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What are some signs of hypoglycemia?
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Weakness, lethargy, ataxia, seizures, coma
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Tx for hypoglycemia?
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If in clinic, IV glucose, or if at home client can rub corn syrup or honey on the gums
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What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
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High ketones cause a drop in blood pH as a result of diabetes mellitus
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Tx of diabetic ketoacidosis?
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Goal is a slow return to normal via IV fluids, regular insulin IV, or urinary catheter
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How is insulin therapy used in regards to diabetic caused cataracts?
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used to prevent progression, will not repair the damage already done
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90% of the tx of seizure cases is ________
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client education
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What seizures are considered an emergency?
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prolonged
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What is frequently the casue of drug therapy failure in the tx of seizures?
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inadequate client compliance
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Why is preventive seizure therapy difficult?
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it needs to be adjusted to the individual patient
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What are involuntary, uncontrolled disturbances of the brain usually manifested by uncontrolled muscular activity called?
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seizures
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define partial vs. general seizures
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partial affects only part of the brain, general affects the whole brain
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define stereotypic vs. unprecipitated signs of seizures
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stereotypic are similar each time and unprecipitated show no obvious trigger
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Signs of seizures
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loss/derangement of consciousness, loss of/excess muscle tone or movement, alteration of sensation, changes in the autonomic nervous system, and behavioral changes
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What are some behavioral changes that might happen during a seizure?
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fly biting, circling, may not recognize owner, may exhibit fear/aggression
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What is the cause of seizures?
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Multiple causes - many times the cause is not known
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What is a general term meaning recurrent seizures, especially if an underlying cause is not identified?
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epilepsy
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What are some underlying causes to attempt to rule out when diagnosing seizures/epilespy? (8)
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Toxicity, acute encephalitis/meningitis, hydrocephalus, brain tumor, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperthermia, acute cranial trauma
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Primary epilepsy is often ______ and probably ________.
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ideopathic, genetic
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4 Stages of an epileptic seizure
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Preictal(aura), ictus, post ictal, and interictal period
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What is the preictal(aura) stage of an epileptic seizure? Signs?
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Unusual behavior before the seizure - may include pacing, licking, salivating, barking and can last minutes to hours
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What is the ictus stage of an epileptic seizure? Signs?
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The actual seizure - lasts seconds to minutes. Signs - loss of consciousness, collapse, rigidity, paddling, jaw movement, vocalization, salivation, incontinence
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What is the post ictal stage of an epileptic seizure? Signs?
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Disorientation and fatigue following a seizure. Can include unusual behavior or neurological deficits including temporary blindness.
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What is the interical period of an epileptic seizure?
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Period between seizures
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What is the main concern for the animal during a seizure?
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Overheating
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What are multiple seizures w/ little or no rest between seizures called? An episode may last 15-30 minutes and it is considered a medical emergency
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Status Epilepticus
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Sataus epilepticus can be fatal to the animal due to ______ and _______.
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hypoxia and hyperthermia
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Tx of Status Epilepticus
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IV diazepam first, pentobarbitol may be given if diazepam is unsuccessful, control hyperthermia, tx specific cause if known.
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Epilepsy control/tx
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correct primary cause if known, control seizures w/ anticonvulsants if seizures are long or frequent
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What is currently the drug of choice for seizure control?
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phenobarbital
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How does phenobarbital work in the tx of seizures?
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Inhibits the initiation of the seizure
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What is an old drug but has new interest for dogs w/ phenobarbital toxicity, refractory cases, and status epilepticus?
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bromide
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What med used to tx seizures is converted to phenobarbital in the body, is toxic to cats, and has no advantage over pheobarbital other than it is not a controlled drug?
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primidone/Mylepsin®
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What anticonvulsant is a controlled drug?
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phenobarbital, Class IV
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What anticonvulsant is toxic to cats?
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primidone/Mylepsin®
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Brand name for anticonvulsant primidone?
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Mylepsin®
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generic name for anticonvulsant drug Mylepsin®?
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primidone
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What drug is used IV to treat status epilepticus abd is not a maintenance anticonvulsant for dogs? It has little ability to prevent seizures
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diazepam/Valium®
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What is the first choice drug for the control of seizures in cats? Second choice?
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1st - phenobarbital/Luminal®/Solfoton®, 2nd - diazepam/Valium®
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Trade names for anticonvulsant phenobarbital?
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Luminal®, Solfoton®
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3 drug contraindications for anticonvulsants? Why?
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antihistimines, phenothiazine tranquilizers, and antiemetics - they are all CNS depressants
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What med is used in the tx of separation anxiety along w/ behavior modification?
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clomipramine/Clomicalm®
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Other uses for clomipramine/Clomicalm® besides separation anxiety?
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obsessive behaviors, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization, and urine marking
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What med is a tricyclic andtidepressant that increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain?
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clomipramine/Clomicalm®
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Brand name for clomipramine?
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Clomicalm®
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Generic name for Clomicalm®
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clomipramine
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What med is used to tx canine senility and signs of pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
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selegeline/Anipryl®
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What med is an MOA-B inhibitor - it increases dopamine levels in the brain?
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selegeline/Anipryl®
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Generic name for Anipryl®?
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selegeline
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What is the brand name for selegiline?
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Anipryl®
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