Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is CHF?
|
Congestive heart Failure - failure of the heart to adequately distribute blood to the tissue, failure to pump blood efficiently
|
|
|
Right side of heart pumps blood where?
|
to lungs
|
|
|
Left side of the heart pumps blood where?
|
to the whole body
|
|
|
Signs of CHF?
|
coughing, fatigue, pulmonary edema, ascities, wt. loss, extremities & abdomen distended
|
|
|
What are 3 supportive lab tests for CHF?
|
X-rays, ECG, US
|
|
|
4 therapies for CHF?
|
low salt diets, diuretics, digitalis, vasodilators
|
|
|
What do diuretics do?
|
cause increased fluid loss through kidneys
|
|
|
How do osmotic diuretics work?
|
retain water in the renal tubules by osmotic action
|
|
|
2 examples of an osmotic diuretics
|
mannitol, glucose
|
|
|
What are methyl xanthines?
|
diuretics (caffeine)
|
|
|
How do methyl xanthine diuretics work?
|
inhibit Na resorption by the proximal tubule
|
|
|
What are thiazides/Chlorthiazide?®
|
diuretics
|
|
|
What are thiazides/Chlorthiazide?®
|
diuretics
|
|
|
Why does CHF cause coughing?
|
fluid in the lungs
|
|
|
Why does CHF cause fatigue?
|
not enough oxygen getting around
|
|
|
What is the newest group of diuretics that is very powerful and the one used most?
|
loop diuretics
|
|
|
What group of diuretics inhibits Na resorption to a lesser degree and that resorption occurs in the Loop of Henle?
|
Loop diuretics
|
|
|
3 examples of loop diuretics?
|
furosemide, Disal®, Lasix®
|
|
|
Side effect of loop diuretics?
|
increased secretion of chloride, potassium, and water
|
|
|
_______ supplements are usually given to animals on long term loop diuretic tx to prevent __________.
|
potassium, hypokalemia
|
|
|
What is hypokalemia?
|
low level of potassium in the blood
|
|
|
Cardiac glycosides are also known as what?
|
digitalis
|
|
|
What do digitalis drugs do?
|
increase force & efficiency of cardiac contractions
|
|
|
digoxin, digitoxin, Cardoxin®, and Lanoxin® are examples of what?
|
digitalis drugs
|
|
|
What drugs have a narrow therapeutic range (can be toxic), are made from dried leaves of plants, and come in tablets, injectables, and elixirs?
|
digitalis
|
|
|
What are 3 effects of digitalis drugs?
|
Increase force of cardiac contractions, decrease heart rate, increases mechanical efficiency (how it contracts).
|
|
|
What are signs of digitalis toxicity?
|
anorexia, V/D, depression, increased excitability, skipped heart beats
|
|
|
What are more sensitive to digitalis drugs, cats or dogs?
|
cats
|
|
|
What two cardiac drugs are IV use only, and are used carefully in-hospital for crises in cardiac output?
|
dopamine/dobutamine
|
|
|
What do vasodilators do?
|
Cause general vessel dilation thus allowing blood to flow easier
|
|
|
Generic name for Enacard®?
|
enalapril
|
|
|
Brand name for enalapril?
|
Enacard
|
|
|
Brand name for captopril?
|
Capoten®
|
|
|
Generic name for Capoten?
|
captopril
|
|
|
What kind of meds are enalapril/Enacard®, captopril/Capoten®, Vasotec®, and hydralazine/Apresoline®
|
Vasodilators
|
|
|
Name some vasodilators
|
enalapril/Enacrad®, captopril/Capoten®, Vasotec, hydralazine/Apresoline
|
|
|
How does enalapril/Enacard® work?
|
It is a vasodilator - reduces the workload on the heart by dilating blood vessels. It also decreases blood pressure.
|
|
|
What drug may slow the progression of heart dz?
|
enalapril/Enacard®
|
|
|
Route of admin for enalapril/Enacard®?
|
oral
|
|
|
What vasodilator can worsen kidney dz?
|
enalapril/Encard®
|
|
|
What vasodilator is a human drug and concurrent use w/ NSAIDs may decrease its effectiveness?
|
Captopril/Capoten®
|
|
|
General effects of vasodilators?
|
They dilate arteries and veins - this tends to decrease the cardiac workload(blood flows easier) and increases cardiac output
|
|
|
Side effects of vasodilators?
|
V/D, hypotension
|
|
|
What type of cardiac med are for arrest/crises, not for long term care?
|
Cardiac stimulants
|
|
|
Two examples of cardiac stimulants?
|
epinephrine and isoproterenol
|
|
|
What cardiac stimulant may initiate a heartbeat during CPR?
|
epinephrine
|
|
|
What med is similar to epinephrine, initiates a heartbeat, & strengthens contractions?
|
isoproterenol
|
|
|
lidocaine, procainimide, and beta-blockers/propanolol are examples of what type of cardiac med?
|
antiarrhythmic drugs
|
|
|
What med is used for ventricular arrhythmias, is IV only, and short-acting?
|
lidocaine
|
|
|
What med is similar to lidocaine but is longer-lasting & can be given by mouth?
|
procainimide
|
|
|
What med is used to slow tachycardias and control some arrhythmias?
|
beta-blockers, propanolol
|
|
|
What type of med can slow heart rate, control arrhythmias, and decrease blood pressure?
|
Calcium channel blockers
|
|
|
verapamil, diltiazem, and Cardizem(human) are examples of what?
|
calcium channel blockers
|
|
|
When considering a low salt diet as tx for CHF, it is important to remember what?
|
It is most important to get the patient to eat, so offer it whatever they will eat
|
|
|
When considering therapy for heart dz, it is best to correct ________, but this is not usually possible/
|
the underlying problem
|
|
|
Sometimes _______ therapy is useful in tx a crisis related to heart disease.
|
oxygen
|
|
|
How may oxygen be administered when tx a cardiac crisis?
|
closed cage w/ oxygen pumped in or soft catheters placed up the nostrils
|
|
|
What do expectorants do?
|
decrease adhesiveness of mucous
|
|
|
What are expectorants indicated for?
|
**productive** coughs
|
|
|
How do expectorants work?
|
They have a local effect on MM, thin secretions by making them more watery, and they promote removal of secretions
|
|
|
Route of admin for expectorants?
|
Primarily oral, but some may be parenteral or inhaled
|
|
|
What kind of meds are glyceryl guaiacolate/Guaifenesin®, acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®, Robitussin - AC®, and Triaminic®?
|
expectorants
|
|
|
What med is used for equine immobilization w/ an IV drip to maintain anesthesia?
|
guaifenesin
|
|
|
Brand name of acetylcysteine?
|
Mucomyst®
|
|
|
Generic name for Mucomyst®
|
acetylcysteine
|
|
|
What kind of med is acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®?
|
expectorant
|
|
|
What med has few side effects and is given via nebulization for pulmonary dzs?
|
acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®
|
|
|
What med is given orally as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
|
acetylcysteine/Mucomyst®
|
|
|
How does an antitussive work?
|
Supresses the cough reflex either peripherally (airways) or centrally (decreases cough center in the brain) in the CNS
|
|
|
Do antitussives relieve the cause or symptoms?
|
symptoms only
|
|
|
What is a reflex initiated by irritation to the upper respiratory tract?
|
A cough
|
|
|
Do not use antitussives in cases of what?
|
Pneumonia
|
|
|
Expectorants, bronchodilators, antihistimines, corticosteroids, and CNS cough center depressives can all be used as what?
|
antitussives
|
|
|
How do corticosteroids work as an antitussive?
|
decrease inflammation
|
|
|
dextromethrthorphan, codeine/Hycodan®, and burtorphanol/Torbutrol®, are examples of what?
|
antitussives
|
|
|
What antitussive is a non-addicting morphine derivative?
|
dextromethorphan
|
|
|
What antitussive is addictive?
|
codeine/Hycodan®
|
|
|
What antitussive is a preanesthetic for dogs/cats/hoofstock, is a non-addictive synthetic optiate, a controlled substance, and is used for relief of chronic (non-productive) cough in dogs?
|
butorphanol/Torbutrol®
|
|
|
What drugs improve cardiac contractility, decrease heart rate, decrease signs of dyspnea, and have anti-arrhythmic effects?
|
digoxins
|
|
|
Brand name for glyceryl guaiacolate?
|
Guaifenesin®
|
