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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 factors that influence the concentration of a drug in the body and the length of time the drug remains in the body
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1.Dose & route 2.absorption rate 3. extent of distribution 4.rate of metabolism 5. rate and route of excretion
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Amount of drug given to an animal is the _______
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dose
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Amt of med to be given to an animal as advised by the drug company
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recommended dose
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What is Therapeutic dose?
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dose that gives the desired effect - may not be the same as the recommended dose
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What is LD & ED? Goal of these?
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Lethal dose and effective dose - goal is to have 1%LD and 99%ED
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What is dosage interval?
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time interval between doses - how often given - TID, QID, etc
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What is absorption?
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movement of drug from site of admin to capillaries
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Movement of drug across cell membrane is primarily by __________
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passive difussion - no expenditure of energy by the cell
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4 factors that influence absorption w/ oral admin
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1.Food in stomach 2.anatomy of GI tract (i.e. ruminants)3. health of GI tract 4. type of drug
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5 factors that influence absorption w/ parenteral admin
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1.route 2.amt of absorptive area 3.blood supply to area 4.concentration gradient 5.chemical properties of drug
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define distribution
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Movement of drug to other body compartments via blood stream
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4 factors that influence distribution
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1.amt of blood flow to compartment 2.bariers to drug passage into compartment 3.chemical properties of drug 4. chemical properties to body compartment
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what is metabolism?
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Altering the chemical structure of the drug to render it inactive and prepare it for elimination from the body
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6 factors influencing metabolism
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1. enzymes present in drug 2.health of liver and/or kidneys 3.age & health of pt 4.body temp (higher temp, higher metabolism) 5.presence of other drugs 6.tissue storage of drug
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Cats are very sensitive to certain drugs due to the lack of specific ____ necessary to _______ these drugs
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enzymes, metabolize
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what is excretion?
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Elimination of drug or drug metabolites (broken down parts)from the body
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5 routes of excretion
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1.urine 2.feces 3.respiratory 4.sweat 5.tears
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4 factors that influence excretion
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1,kidney function 2.chemical nature of drug 3.renal blood flow 4.duration of action (frequency of doses)
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What is an agonist?
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A drug that **brings about** a specific action by binding w/ the appropriate receptor
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What is an antagonist?
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A drug that **inhibits** a specific action by binding w/ a particular receptor
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What is efficacy?
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the extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient
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What is a regimen?
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Program for administering a drug - includes dose, frequency, and duration
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What is the empirical method of drug therapy?
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Calls on the use of practical experience and common sense to make the drug choice
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What are some tech responsibilities in carrying out drug orders?
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make sure correct drug, administer at correct time and by correct route, carefully observe pt response to drug, ? any med orders that are not clear, accurately create and affix labels to med, explain instructions to client, record appropriate info into med record
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What is the high dose given initially to obtain the appropriate blood level?
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loading dose
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When an injectable drug is placed in a substance that delays its absorption, it may be called a ____ preparation
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depot
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What is the enzyme added to a drug given SQ to speed its absorption?
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hyaluronidase
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The onset of action is usually _____ related to the duration of action
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inversely
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Define drug
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chemicals used to dx, tx, cure, or prevent a dz
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Define biological
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preparation from living organisms or their products
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What 7 things are recorded in a pt record when a med is administered?
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date, time, drug, amount, route, reaction (if any), and initials
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ICe
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Intracoelomic - used for reptiles and birds - don't give fluids to birds this way, they'll drown
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+/- of IP admin
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+ useful for rodents, - can only use non-irritating meds, is painful, and may cause adhesions
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5 factors that determine if a med is Rx or OTC
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manufacturer's instructions (if complex will be Rx), abuse potential, withdrawl period, bacterial resistance, any potential for serious side effects
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Define pharmacokinetics
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What body does to drug
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Define pharmacotherapeutics
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What drug does to body
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Forms of internal meds
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liquid (suspension, solution), solids (cap,tab, pil), gases, lyophilized (freeze dried), paste, powder
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3 ways that drugs can be used in dz process
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specific therapy, symptomatic therapy, supportive therapy
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Define specific therapy
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tx directly the specific cause of dz - cause is known and treatable
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Define symptomatic therapy
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tx symptoms only - cause not known or treatable
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Define supportive therapy
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tx not directed at either the cause or specific symptoms of dz but rather at homeostasis - i.e. fluids, oxygen, vitamins, etc.
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9 things that must be on a drug label
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date, clinic name & address, client & pet name, name of drug, concentration of drug, qty dispensed, instruction for use, DVM name & tech initials, and expiration of drug
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Regulations re: drug residues are directed at what three types of residues?
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carcinogens, allergens, and resistance inducing
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What is the legend on Rx drugs?
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Federal law restricts this drug to be used by or by the order of a licensed veterinarian.
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6 causes of drug reactions
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overdose, improper route of admin, accidental exposure/admin, drug interactions, improper use, side effects
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5 things to record in med record when drug is dispensed to a client
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date, drug, concentration, qty dispensed, initials
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Define pharmacodynamics
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study of the action of drugs on living systems
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Factors that can affect drug response
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species variation, individual variation (wt, age, sex, allergic reactions, temperament, tolerance, pathological conditions, ideopathic conditions)
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What is the preferred method if admin of CPR drugs?
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IT - intratracheal
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+/- of IT admin
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+ very fast effect, - need trach tube in place, cannot use w/ NaHCO3
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+/- of IU admin
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+ local effect, - technically difficult
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+/- of IC admin
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+ immediate effect, - can damage heart, technically difficult
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+/- of opthalmic admin
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+ local effect, rapid absorption, - frequent application
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+/- of intramammary admin
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+ only local effect, easy admin, - withdrawl times (can't use milk)
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+/- of inhalation admin
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+ good control of dosage, fast elimination of drug, - need special equip, expensive
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Use for ID admin
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used for allergy and TB testing
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+/- of SQ admin
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+ easier than IV or IM, less painful, can give larger qtys, - slower effect than IV or IM
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+/- of IM admin
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+ rapid absorption, longer duration than IV, easier than IV, - can be painful
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+/- of IV admin
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+ fastest route, rapid effect, can use to give irritating solutions, - technically difficult, more chance of toxic reaction, can only use for certain drugs
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+/- of topical admin
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+ easy, usually not absorbed systemically, - often licked off, needs frequent application
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+/- of oral admin
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+ inexpensive, safe, easy, - slow effect, variable absorption depending on food in stomach, can't use in vomitting pt
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Define solution
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Drug disolved in a solvent, drug does not precipitate out, can go IV
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Define suspension
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Drug is suspended (not disolved) in a liquid vehicle - drug will settle out as a precipitate
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What CANNOT go IV - solution or suspension?
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Suspensions
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External drug forms
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Linaments, lotions, ointments, drops, suppositories, sprays, aerosols, foams
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2 reasons DVMs dispense drugs
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important source of income, drug store limitations - do not carry many vet meds
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2 important differences between human and vet med re: drug dispensing
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1.MD uses Rx, DVM usually dispenses from clinic pharmacy 2.Some meds that are OTC for animals are Rx for people
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What is compounding of drugs?
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Diluting or combining existing meds
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3 ways of compounding meds
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diluting drugs for vy sm animals or birds, mixing drugs w/ palatable substances, mixing drugs in same syringe to decrease # of injections
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What is MUMS?
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Minor Use in Minor Species - legislation trying to protect DVMs using meds extra-label
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What is FARAD?
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Food Animal Residual Avoidant Databank - find out withdrawl times
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2 reasons drug residues are found in tissues
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dose too high initially, proper withdrawl times not observed
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Define drug residue
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Traces of drug remaining in animal products (milk/eggs) at market, or in animal tissues at slaughter
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2 tx of overdose
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1.Remove source - wash skin, remove vapors, etc. 2.Remove drug from body
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2 kinds of overdoses
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Frank and relative
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Define frank overdose
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absolute overdose - accidental or math error
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Define relative overdose
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Problem w/ the pt - individual sensitivity, impaired metabolism/excretion (old pt, organ problems), presence of other drugs
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2 examples of schedule V drugs
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codeine, lamotil
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2 examples of schedule IV drugs
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Diazepam, phenobarbitol
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4 examples of schedule III drugs
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Thiopental, anabolic steroids, ketamine, T-lizol
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What has more abuse potential, a schedule I drug or a schedule V?
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Schedule I
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What was the first major federal legislation concerning drugs and their use - established the FDA
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act of 1938
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4 sources of drugs
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Animal, vegetable, mineral, synthetic
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6 Rights
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Patient, drug, dose, route, time, frequency
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Define contraindication
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reason to **not** use a drug
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Define indication
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reason for using a drug
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Define toxicology
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Study of poisons
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Define pharmacology
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study of drugs
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4 ways use of drug can affect the outcome of a dz
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no effect, speed recovery, make the condition worse, cause a new/undesirable condition
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Sites for MM admin
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nasal, conjunctiva, vaginal, oral
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14 routes of drug admin
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Oral, topical, IV, IM, SQ, IP, ID, MM, IC, IU, IT, inhalation, intramammary, opthalmic
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Route of drug admin influenced by:
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desired speed of effect, duration of effect desired, ease of admin, properties of drug, location of desired effect, absorption rate of drug
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Define prescription
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an oral or written order to a pharmacist by an MD/DVM/DDS
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Three purposes of prescription
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Tells pharmacist to: prepare med, sell med to client, and goiven written directions on how a drug should be used
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What is AMDUCA?
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Federal act passed in 1994 stating that DVMs may legally use and Rx drugs for species and uses not specified by their labels in certain well-defined circumstances (extra-label use)
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3 general purposes for use of drugs in livestock
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tx dz, prevent dz, increase rate of weight gain
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7 things to do to avoid drug reactions
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use drug as intended, use as directed, avoid combining drugs, be aware of toxic side effects, use high quality drugs, choose least toxic of avail drugs, get pt history
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5 ways to remove drug from body
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induce vomitting, stomach pump, diuresis, charcoal/protectants, administer antidote
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4 examples of schedule II drugs
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pentobarbitol, morphine, cocaine, codeine
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Schedule _____ drugs have accepted medical uses and high abuse potential - they must be kept in a safe, not just a lockbox
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Schedule II drugs
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5 examples of schedule I drugs
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heroin, LSD, marijuana, crack cocaine, peyote
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Schedule ___ drugs have no (or controversial) accepted medical use and high abuse potential.
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Schedule I drugs
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What introduced laws concerning addictive drugs and established the DEA?
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Controlled Substance Act of 1970
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Drug laws regulate what three things?
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Quality, testing, and misuse of drugs.
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Three ways drugs are named
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chemical name, generic name, and trade/brand name
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A VT may **not**, w/o explicit or written orders from a DVM, do what two things?
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Prescribe/recommend drugs, and administer/dispense drugs
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Things to cover when explaining administration instructions to a client
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regimen (route, frequency, duration), precautions, "how to" tips for administration, signs of adverse reactions
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Define chemotherapy
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tx of dz w/ chemical agents
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Generally, ____ & _______ play a more significant role on animal health than do drugs
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hygiene and nutrition
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