Z Micro Test 1

Front 1

What is meant by the statement: "microbes are ubiquitous"?

Back 1

they are everywhere

Front 2

What is Microbiology?

Back 2

The study of
microscopic organisms

Front 3

At the beginning of the 19th century, microorganisms were considered what?

Back 3

Mysterious oddities

Front 4

When did the world become aware of the effects of microorganisms?

Back 4

The 19th century

Front 5

How are Microorganisms harmful to humans?

Back 5

Agents of food spoilage
Agents of disease

Front 6

How are Microorganisms useful to humans?

Back 6

They are involved in the study of various processes of living systems.

Front 7

How are Microorganisms beneficial to humans?

Back 7

They are decomposers of dead organic matter and are essential for food formation (cheese, yogurt).

Front 8

"Etiological agents of disease" means what?

Back 8

Etiological means 'origins of', and the statement refers to the 'microbial causes of disease'.

Front 9

Microbes which cause disease are called what?

Back 9

Pathogens

Front 10

What fields of science have benefited from microbiology?

Back 10

Biochemistry and Genetics are 100 yrs behind without their study.

Front 11

Name the things microbes manufacture which are beneficial to humans:

Back 11

antibodies, hormones, amino acids, vitamins, interferons, and contribute to growth factors.

Front 12

What are interferons involved in?

Back 12

Interferons are involved in the treatment of cancer

Front 13

How are microbes harmful?

Back 13

They spoil food and they can be pathogenic

Front 14

T/F
microbes are beneficial to humans in that they manufacture proteins

Back 14

true
they manufacture amino acids

Front 15

What is the theory of Spontaneous Generation?

Back 15

the idea that life could and did appear spontaneously from nonliving and decomposing matter (ie frogs from mud, flies from rotting meat)

Front 16

Who was creidited with the formation of the Spontaneous Generation Theory?

Back 16

Aristotle (346 BC) is credited with the theory

Front 17

Who was the first to discredit the theory of Spontaneous Generation?

Back 17

Francisco Redi (1665)

Front 18

How was the theory of Spontaneous Generation discredited?

Back 18

Redi's experiment showed that flies were not spontaneously generated in meat: that they came from eggs (maggots).
Experiment involved two bottles with meat inside: one with netting, the other uncovered. The uncovered one showed flies, the other none.

Front 19

Who is considered the 'Father of Microbiology'?

Back 19

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Front 20

What did van Leeuwenhoek do?

Back 20

He was the first to gaze upon Euglena, discovering bacteria and describing microscopic forms.

Front 21

What did Leeuwenhoek use in his research?

Back 21

He used a microscope of his own design, which magnified up to 500 times.

Front 22

Who postulated the "Germ Theory of Fermentation"?

Back 22

Louis Pasteur

Front 23

What is the "Germ Theory of Fermentation"?

Back 23

"A natural process in which alcohol and organic acids are formed from dissolved sugar in the presence of microorganism and the absence of air."

Front 24

Describe the "Non-vital" viewpoint on fermentation

Back 24

yeasts is a byproduct of fermentation

Front 25

Describe the "Vital" (biological) viewpoint on fermentation

Back 25

fermentation is a byproduct of the yeast

Front 26

Joseph Lister (English) did what?

Back 26

developed the antiseptic surgery sterilization of instruments and application of carbonic acid (phenol) to wounds by means of dressing

Front 27

The Compound Microscope:
Magnification

Back 27

the ability to enlarge image

Front 28

The Compound Microscope:
Resolution (or Resolution Power)

Back 28

the ability to show detail clearly

Front 29

formula for Resolution Power

Back 29

RP = wave length of light (in nm)
_________________________
2x numerical appeture

Front 30

white light in nm

Back 30

between 380nm (violet) and 750nm

Front 31

resolution is the function of

Back 31

Resolution is the function of the wave length of light

Front 32

What are the levels of classification in taxonomy?

Back 32

Kingdom
Philum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 33

Taxonomy is ...

Back 33

the science of classification

Front 34

how many different species are named and described?

Back 34

1.8 million

Front 35

what is classification?

Back 35

the arrangement of organisms according to their properties and characteristics

Front 36

binomial system of nomenclature:

Back 36

each organism has two word names

Front 37

What other four scientists before Pasteur have disproved spontaneous generation (that we have studied)?

Back 37

Francisco Redi
Louis Jabolt
Theodore Schwann
Franz Schulze

Front 38

What are the steps to the Nitrogen Cycle

Back 38

1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Nitrification
3. Assimilation
4. Ammonification
5. Denitrification

Front 39

Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrogen Fixation

Back 39

Converts atmospheric nitrogen (n2) into ammonia (NH3)

Front 40

Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrification

Back 40

Conversion of Ammonia (NH3) into Nitrate (NO3-)

Front 41

Nitrogen Cycle:
Assimilation

Back 41

the use of ammonia (NH3) and Nitrate (NO3-)by plants to make their own proteins and bodies, then eaten by animals

Front 42

Nitrogen Cycle:
Ammonification

Back 42

conversion of organic compounds and wastes into ammonia

Front 43

Nitrogen Cycle:
Denitrification

Back 43

conversion of nitrate (NO3-) into free nitrogen (N2)

Front 44

What are the steps involved with nitrification?

Back 44

1. ammonia (NH3) to Nitrite (NO2-) with the help of the bacteria nitrosomonas
2. from Nitrite (NO2-) to Nitrate (NO3-) with the help of bacteria Nitrobacter

Front 45

Give an example of ammonification

Back 45

Urea is converted by bacteria Proteus Vulgaris into ammonia during urea hydrolysis

Front 46

give an example of denitrification

Back 46

in the lab, tests are done -- called Nitrate reduction -- where bacteria can convert Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrite (NO2-) [e.coli] or Nitrate to free nitrogen (n2) [pseudomonas]

Front 47

Louis Jablot

Back 47

1711
showed microbial growth when sterilized soup is uncovered vs covered (stoppered tightly after boiling)

Front 48

Pasteur's quote re swan neck experiments

Back 48

"For I have kept from them, and am still keeping from them the one thing which is above power of man to make: I have kept from them the germs that float in the air, I have kept from them life."

Front 49

The GERM THEORY OF FERMENTATION

Back 49

fermentation is a natural process in which ALCOHOL AND ORGANIC ACIDS are formed from dissolved sugar in the presence of microorganisms and the absence of air

Front 50

first proof that bacteria cause disease

Back 50

Rober Koch in 1876 found rod-shaped bacteria in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax.

Front 51

Koch's postulates

Back 51

1. The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals.
2. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal.
4. The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal.

Front 52

Gelatin melts at

Back 52

26 deg C

Front 53

who introduced the Petri Dish?

Back 53

Richard Petri, assistant to Koch

Front 54

Walter Hesse did what?

Back 54

assistant to Koch, he learned of agar-agar as a better solidifying agent than gelatin

Front 55

agar solid at what temps?

Back 55

solidifies from 32-40 °C.