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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
klinefelter's syndrome
physical features (7) |
testicular atrophy
eunuchoid body shape tall long extremities gynecomastia female hair may present with developmental delay |
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|
klinefelter's syndrome
hormones |
dysgenesis seminif tubules-->
v inhibin --> ^ FSH --------------------------------------- abnormal Leydig cell fxn --> v testosterone --> ^ LH --> ^ estrogen |
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|
turner syndrome hormones
|
v estrogen -->
^ LH, ^ FSH |
|
|
turner syndrome physical features (7)
|
short
streak ovary 1^ amenorrhea webbing of neck shield chest bicuspid aortic valve preductal coarctation |
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one pathophysiology of XYY males
|
severe acne
|
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high testosterone
high LH what diagnosis should you think? |
defective androgen receptor
|
|
|
high testosterone
low LH what diagnosis should you think? |
testosterone secreting tumor
exogenous steroids |
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|
low testosterone
high LH what diagnosis should you think? |
1^ hypogonadism
|
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|
low testosterone
low LH what diagnosis should you think? |
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
|
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female pseudohermaphrodite
physical features |
ovaries present
external genitalia are virilized or ambiguous |
|
|
female pseudohermaphrodite
cause |
exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation
e.g. --congenital adrenal hyperplasia --exogenous administration of androgens during pregnancy |
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|
male pseudohermaphrodite
physical characteristics |
testes present
external genitalia are female or ambiguous |
|
|
most common form of male pseudohermaphroditism is
|
androgen insensitivity syndrome
|
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|
true hermaphrodite genetics
|
46 XX
or 47 XXY |
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|
true hermaphrodite
comments (3) |
both ovary and testicular tissue is present (ovotestis)
ambiguous genitalia very rare |
|
|
androgen insensitivity syndrome
physical characteristics (4) |
normal-appearing female
uterus and uterine tubes generally absent no sexual hair testes which are often found in the labia majora |
|
|
androgen insensitivity syndrome
labs |
^ testosterone
^ estrogen ^ LH [I assume: testosterone doesn't --> v LH because the defective testosterone receptor is also in the brain] |
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|
5alpha-reductase deficiency
molecular genetics |
autosomal recessive
inability to convert testosterone to DHT |
|
|
"penis at 12"
basis of problem is _ |
5alpha-reductase deficiency
|
|
|
5alpha-reductase deficiency characteristics
|
ambiguous genitalia until puberty when
^ testosterone--> masculization/growth of external genitalia |
|
|
5alpha-reductase deficiency
labs |
normal:
--testosterone --estrogen normal or ^ : --LH |
|
|
kallmann syndrome
|
v synthesis of gonadotropin in the anterior pituitary
anosmia lack of secondary sexual characteristics |
|
|
what ultimately makes a man male?
|
SRY gene (Y chromosome)-->
testis-determining factor--> --sertoli cell makes anti-mullerian hormone... --leydig cell makes testosterone, which also gets converted to DHT |
|
|
anti-mullerian hormone -->
|
degeneration of paramesonephric (mullerian duct)
which would develop into female internal genitalia |
|
|
testosterone
role in male development, (SRY gene flowchart) |
wolffian duct
--testosterone--> male internal genitalia (except prostate) |
|
|
DHT
role in male development (SRY gene flowchart) |
genital tubercle
urogenital sinus --DHT--> male external genitalia, prostate |
|
|
genetics of hydatidiform moles
|
complete mole
46 XX, (46 XY) partial mole 69 XXY |
|
|
hydatidiform moles
hCG |
complete: ^^^^
partial: ^ |
|
|
complete vs. partial mole
--uterine size --convert to choriocarcinoma --fetal parts |
^ ---
2^ rare no yes |
|
|
components of
complete vs. partial mole |
2 sperm + empty egg
2 sperm + 1 egg |
|
|
complete vs. partial mole
--convert to choriocarcinoma --risk of malignancy |
2% --> to choriocarcinoma
15-20% malignant trophoblastic disease vs. rare --> to choriocarcinoma risk of malignancy < 5% |
|
|
common causes of recurrent miscarriages
1st weeks |
low progesterone levels
(no response to beta-hCG) |
|
|
common causes of recurrent miscarriages
1st trimester |
chromosomal abnormalities
e.g. robertsonian translocation |
|
|
common causes of recurrent miscarriages
2nd trimester |
bicornuate uterus
|
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|
bicornuate uterus is caused by
|
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
|
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|
preeclampsia triad
|
hypertension
proteinuria edema |
|
|
eclampsia
|
preeclampsia + seizures
|
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|
pregnancy-induced hypertension
what %? what weeks? |
7% of pregnant women
20 weeks gestation to 6 weeks postpartum |
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|
pregnancy induced hypertension
^ incidence in patients with (4) |
preexisting hypertension
diabetes chronic renal disease autoimmune disorders |
|
|
pregnancy-induced hypertension
cause |
placental ischemia due to
impaired vasodilation of spiral arteries |
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|
prenancy induced hypertension can be associated with
|
H EL LP syndrome
hemolysis elevated LFTs Low Platelets |
|
|
mortality in pregnancy-induced hypertension is due to
|
cerebral hemorrhage
ARDS |
|
|
pregnancy induced hypertension
sxs (6) |
headache
blurred vision altered mentation hyperreflexia abdominal pain edema of face and extremities |
|
|
prenancy induced hypertension labs may include
|
thrombocytopenia
hyperuricemia |
|
|
pregnancy complications
(5) |
abruptio placentae
placenta accreta placenta previa ectopic pregnancy retained placental tissue |
|
|
abruptio placentae
is |
premature attachment of placenta from implantation site
fetal death |
|
|
abruptio placentae
sxs |
painful bleeding in 3rd trimester
|
|
|
abruptio placentae
associations |
DIC
|
|
|
abruptio placentae
risk factors |
smoking
hypertension cocaine use |
|
|
placenta accreta is
|
defective decidual layer
allows placenta to attach to myometrium no separation of placenta after birth |
|
|
placenta accreta risk factors
|
prior C-section
inflammation placenta previa |
|
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placenta accreta
presentation |
massive bleeding after delivery
|
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placenta previa is
|
attachment of placenta to lower uterine segment
may occlude internal os |
|
|
placenta previa presentation
|
painless bleeding in any trimester
|
|
|
placenta previa
risk factors |
multiparity
prior C-section |
|
|
massive bleeding after delivery
suspect _ |
placenta accreta
|
|
|
painful bleeding in 3rd trimester
suspect _ |
abruptio placentae
|
|
|
painless bleeding in any trimester
suspect _ |
placenta previa
|
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|
pain with or without bleeding
suspect _ |
ectopic pregnancy
|
|
|
risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
|
history of infertility
salpingitis (PID) ruptured appendix prior tubal surgery |
|
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suspect ectopic pregnancy
if... |
^ hCG
sudden lower abdominal pain |
|
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retained placental tissue may cause _
|
postpartum hemorrhage
|
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|
oligohydramnios
causes (3) |
placental insufficiency
bilateral renal agenesis posterior urethral valves (in males) |
|
|
definition of
polyhydramnios oligohydramnios |
>1.5 - 2 L
< 0.5 L amniotic fluid |
|
|
risk factors for
cervical dysplasia / carcinoma in situ |
multiple sexual partners (#1)
smoking early sexual intercourse HIV infection |
|
|
cervical dysplasia / carcinoma in situ
location |
begins at basal layer of squamo-columnar junction
and extends outward |
|
|
a famous complication of invasive cervical carcinoma
|
lateral invasion can
block ureters --> renal failure |
|
|
endometriosis definition _
|
endometrial glands/stroma
outside the uterus |
|
|
endometriosis
is characterized by _ |
cyclic bleeding from
ectopic endometrial tissue--> blood-filled "chocolate cysts" |
|
|
location of endometriosis
|
on ovary
or on peritoneum |
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|
endometriosis presentation
|
severe menstrual-related pain
|
|
|
endometriosis complications
|
often results in infertility
|
|
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endometriosis
causes |
can be due to retrograde menstrual flow or
ascending infection |
|
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adenomyosis is
|
endometrium within the myometrium
|
|
|
endometrium within the myometrium is called
|
adenomyosis
|
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endometrial hyperplasia
causes |
excess estrogen stimulation
|
|
|
endometrial hyperplasia
complications |
^ risk for endometrial carcinoma
|
|
|
endometrial hyperplasia
clinical presentation |
postmenopausal vaginal bleeding
|
|
|
postmenopausal vaginal bleeding: think _
|
endometrial hyperplasia
|
|
|
endometrial hyperplasia
risk factors |
mnemonic: "Hormone GAP" (i.e. too much estrogen)
hormone replacement therapy granulosa cell tumor anovulatory cycles polycystic ovarian syndrome |
|
|
most common gynecologic malignancy is
|
endometrial carcinoma
|
|
|
endometrial carcinoma
prognostic |
^ myometrial invasion -->
v prognosis |
|
|
endometrial carcinoma
risk factors |
prolonged use of estrogens without progestins
nulliparity late menopause obesity diabetes hypertension |
|
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endometrial carcinoma clincal presentation
|
55-65 yr old
vaginal bleeding |
|
|
most common of all tumors in females: _
|
leiomyoma (fibroid)
|
|
|
leiomyoma (fibroid)
physical pathology |
multiple tumors
well-demarcated borders |
|
|
leiomyoma
epi |
^ incidence in blacks
peak occurrence 20-40 yrs |
|
|
leiomyoma (fibroid) is a tumor of _ cells
|
myometrial smooth muscle
|
|
|
leiomyoma
exacerbation/alleviation |
^ with pregnancy
v with menopause |
|
|
leiomyoma (fibroid)
symptoms |
--asymptomatic
--cause uterine bleeding --miscarriage |
|
|
leiomyoma (fibroid)
complications |
severe bleeding may --> iron deficiency anemia
malignant transformation is rare. does not progress to leiomyosarcoma. |
|
|
leiomyoma (fibroid)
histopathology |
whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles
|
|
|
leiomyosarcoma
gross pathology |
bulky
irregular areas of necrosis and hemorrhage |
|
|
leiomyosarcoma
epi |
^ incidence in blacks
usu middle-aged women |
|
|
leiomyosarcoma
prognosis |
highly aggressive
tendency to recur |
|
|
leiomyosarcoma
sxs |
may protrude from cervix and bleed
|
|
|
gynecologic tumors
in order of most frequent in USA |
incidence in USA
endometrial > ovarian > cervical "E OC" |
|
|
gynecologic tumors
in order of worst prognosis |
ovarian >
cervical > endometrial "OC E" |
|
|
worldwide, the most common gynecologic cancer is
|
cervical
|
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|
premature ovarian failure
labs |
v estrogen
^ LH, FSH |
|
|
premature ovarian failure is (3)
|
atresia of ovarian follicles
signs of menopause < 40 yrs |
|
|
most common causes of anovulation
|
HPO axis abnormalities
adrenal insufficiency hyperprolactinemia Cushing's syndrome thyroid disorders eating disorders premature ovarian failure polycystic ovarian syndrome asherman's syndrome (adhesions) obesity |
|
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
mechanism |
^ LH production leads to
--anovulation --hyperanddrogenism due to deranged steroid synthesis by theca cells |
|
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
labs |
^ LH
^ testosterone v FSH |
|
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
gross pathology |
enlarged
bilateral cystic ovaries |
|
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
sxs |
amenorrhea
infertility obesity hirsutism associated with insulin resistance |
|
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
complications |
^ risk of endometrial cancer
|
|
|
treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome (6)
|
weight loss
OCPs gonadotropin analogs clomiphene spironolactone (to rx hirsutism) surgery |
|
|
4 types of ovarian cysts
|
follicular
corpus luteum theca-lutein "chocolate cyst" |
|
|
follicular ovarian cyst is _
|
distended, unruptured graffian follicle
|
|
|
follicular ovarian cyst may be associated with _
|
hyperestrinism
endometrial hyperplasia |
|
|
corpus luteum cyst
comments |
hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum
commonly regresses spontaneously |
|
|
theca-lutein cyst
comments |
often bilateral/multiple
due to gonadotropin stimulation |
|
|
theca-lutein cyst
associations |
choriocarcinoma / moles
|
|
|
_ cyst is associated with choriocarcinoma / moles
|
theca-lutein cyst
|
|
|
ovarian "chocolate cyst" comments
|
blood-containing cyst from
ovarian endometriosis varies with cycle |
|
|
ovarian germ cell tumors include...
|
dysgerminoma
choriocarcinoma yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor teratoma |
|
|
ovarian dysgerminoma general comments
|
malignant
female equivalent of male seminoma |
|
|
ovarian dysgerminoma tumor markers
|
hCG, LDH
|
|
|
ovarian dysgerminoma
histopathology |
sheets of uniform cells
|
|
|
choriocarcinoma histopathology
|
large, hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells
|
|
|
choriocarcinoma is associated with _ (other than moles)
|
^ frequency of theca-lutein cysts
|
|
|
yolk sac tumor is aka
|
endodermal sinus tumor
|
|
|
yolk sac tumor
marker |
AFP
|
|
|
yolk sac tumor
general comments location |
aggressive malignancy
ovaries testes sacrococcygeal are a of young children |
|
|
ovarian germ cell tumors
epi |
more common in adolescents
|
|
|
yolk sac tumors
histopathology |
50% have Schiller-Duval bodies (resember glomeruli)
|
|
|
yolk sac tumors
gross pathology |
yellow, friable solid masses
|
|
|
ovarian teratomas
frequency |
90% of ovarian germ cell tumors
|
|
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mature ovarian teratoma is aka
|
dermoid cyst
|
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dermoid cyst is aka
|
mature ovarian teratoma
|
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|
the most frequent benign ovarian tumor
|
mature ovarian teratoma
|
|
|
immature ovarian teratomas
comments |
aggressively malignant
|
|
|
which is aggressively malignant:
mature or immature ovarian teratoma? |
immature
|
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|
teratoma that can present with hyperthyroidism
|
struma ovarii
|
|
|
struma ovarii
sxs |
can present as hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
20% of ovarian tumors are _
|
serous cystadenoma
|
|
|
50% of ovarian tumors are _
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
ovarian non-germ cell tumors include
|
serous cystadenoma
serous cystadenocarcinoma mucinous cystadenoma mucinous cystadenocarcinoma brenner tumor fibromas granulosa cell tumor krukenberg tumor |
|
|
serous cystadenoma
histopathology |
fallopian tube-like epithelium
|
|
|
serous cystadenoma
vs. serous cystadenocarcinoma unilateral/bilateral? |
both: frequently bilateral
|
|
|
mucinous cystadenoma
gross pathology comments |
multilocular
mucous-secreting epithelium |
|
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mucinous cystadenoma
histopathology |
intestine-like
|
|
|
pseudomyxoma peritonei
is... |
intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from an
ovarian or appendiceal tumor |
|
|
pseudomyxoma peritonei is associated with which ovarian tumor?
|
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
associations |
pseudomyxoma peritonei
|
|
|
ovarian fibromas
histopathology |
bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts
|
|
|
meigs' syndrome
|
ovarian fibroma
ascites hydrothorax |
|
|
ovarian fibromas
clinical presentation |
pulling sensation in groin
|
|
|
this ovarian tumor is notable for secreting estrogen
|
granulosa cell tumor
|
|
|
granulosa cell tumor
complications / associations |
secretes estrogen -->
--precoscious puberty --endometrial hyperplasia / carcinoma --abnormal uterine bleeding |
|
|
granulosa cell tumor histopathology
|
call-exner bodies
(small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions) |
|
|
krukenberg tumor is a GI malignancy that metastasizes to the ovaries, causing a _ _
|
mucin-secreting
signet-cell adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Call-Exner bodies are associated with _ tumor
|
granulosa cell tumor
|
|
|
pulling sensation in groin
think about what ovarian tumor? |
ovarian fibroma
|
|
|
fallopian tube-like epithelium
think about what ovarian tumor? |
serous cystadenoma
|
|
|
_ is an ovarian cancer marker
|
CA-125
|
|
|
genetics of ovarian cancer
|
BRCA-1
HNPCC are risk factors |
|
|
the most important risk factor for ovarian cancer
|
family history
|
|
|
vaginal carcinoma
3 types listed |
squamous cell carcinoma
clear cell adenocarcinoma sarcoma botryoides |
|
|
sarcoma botryoides
histopathology |
spindle-shaped cells that are
desmin positive |
|
|
sarcoma botryoides is a _ variant
|
rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|
sarcoma botryoides epi
|
girls < 4 yrs of age
|
|
|
squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina
etiology |
2^ to cervical squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
benign breast tumors include
|
fibroadenoma
intraductal papilloma phyllodes tumor |
|
|
breast fibroadenoma
physical characteristics |
small
mobile firm mass with sharp edges |
|
|
the most common breast tumor in women < 25 yrs of age
|
fibroadenoma
|
|
|
breast fibroadenoma
|
the most common breast tumor in those < 25 yrs of age
|
|
|
breast fibroadenoma
general comments |
^ size and tenderness with
^ estrogen (pregnancy, menstruation) |
|
|
intraductal papilloma
physical characteristics |
small tumor
grows in lactiferous ducts usu beneath areola serous or bloody nipple discharge |
|
|
intraductal papilloma
general comments |
1.5 - 2.0 x
^ risk for carcinoma |
|
|
phyllodes tumor
physical characteristics |
large bulky mass
connective tissue and cysts "leaf-like" projections |
|
|
sizes of benign breast tumors
|
small:
--fibroadenoma --intraductal papilloma large: --phyllodes tumor |
|
|
phyllodes tumor
epi |
most common in 6th decade
|
|
|
phyllodes tumor
general comments |
some may become malignant
|
|
|
malignant breast tumors
types |
ductal carcinoma in situ
invasive ductal invasive lobular medullary comedocarcinoma inflammatory paget's disease |
|
|
malignant breast tumors
epi |
common postmenopause
|
|
|
malignant breast tumors
risk factors |
^ estrogen exposure
^ # of cycles older age at 1st live birth obesity |
|
|
aromatization:
__ --> __ __ --> __ |
androstenedione --> estrone
testosterone --> estradiol |
|
|
single most important prognostic factor re: breast cancer
|
axillary lymph node involvement
|
|
|
genetics of breast cancer
|
overexpression of
--estrogen/progesterone receptors or --erb-B2 (HER-2, an EGF receptor) is common |
|
|
breast ductal carcinoma in situ
pathology characteristics |
fills ductal lumen
arises from ductal hyperplasia |
|
|
breast
invasive ductal physical characteristics |
firm
fibrous "rock hard" mass sharp margins |
|
|
breast
invasive ductal histopathology |
small
glandular duct-like cells |
|
|
breast
invasive ductal general comments |
worst
most invasive |
|
|
the worst, most invasive breast cancer
|
invasive ductal
|
|
|
the most common breast cancer
|
invasive ductal (76% of breast cancers)
|
|
|
breast
invasive lobular histopathology |
orderly row of cells
|
|
|
breast
medullary cancer physical characteristics |
fleshy
|
|
|
breast
medullary cancer histopathology |
cellular
lymphocytic infiltrate |
|
|
breast
invasive lobular physical characteristics |
often multiple
bilateral |
|
|
prognosis:
invasive ductal breast cancer |
worst
most invasive |
|
|
prognosis:
medullary breast cancer |
good prognosis
|
|
|
prognosis:
inflammatory breast cancer |
50% survival at 5 years
|
|
|
a subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ
(breast cancer) |
comedocarcinoma
|
|
|
comedocarcinoma breast cancer
histopathology |
ductal
caseous necrosis |
|
|
inflammatory breast cancer
physical pathology |
dermal lymphatic invasion
block lymphatic drainage peau d'orange |
|
|
peau d'orange is a characteristic of _ breast cancer
|
inflammatory
|
|
|
dermal lymphatic invasion is a characteristic of _ breast cancer
|
inflammatory
|
|
|
paget's disease of breast
histopathology |
paget cells =
large cells in epidermis with clear halo |
|
|
paget's disease of breast
physical characteristics |
eczematous patches on nipple
|
|
|
_ is seen on breast and vulva
|
paget's disease
|
|
|
paget's disease suggests
|
underlying carcinoma
|
|
|
common misc breast conditions
|
fibrocystic disease
acute mastitis fat necrosis gynecomastia |
|
|
the most common cause of breast lumps from age 25 - menopause
|
fibrocystic disease
|
|
|
general characteristics of fibrocystic disease of the breast (4)
|
most common cause of breast lumps from age 25 - menopause
premenstrual pain multiple lesions, often bilateral fluctuation in size of mass |
|
|
types of fibrocystic disease of the breast
|
fibrosis
cystic sclerosing adenosis epithelial hyperplasia |
|
|
fibrocystic disease of the breast
fibrosis type: comments |
hyperplasia of breast stroma
|
|
|
fibrocystic disease of the breast
cystic type: comments |
fluid-filled
blue dome ductal dilatation |
|
|
fibrocystic disease of the breast
sclerosing adenosis type: comments |
^ acini
intralobular fibrosis calcifications |
|
|
fibrocystic disease of the breast
epithelial hyperplasia type: comments |
^ number of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule
^ risk of carcinoma with atypical cells |
|
|
fibrocystic disease of the breast
epithelial hyperplasia epi |
> 30 yrs old
|
|
|
breast: acute mastitis
comments |
breast abscess
S. aureus is most common pathogen |
|
|
fat necrosis of breast
general comments (3) |
painless lump
forms as a result of injury to breast tissue up to 50% of patients may not report trauma |
|
|
gynecomastia
causes |
hyperestrogenism
--cirrhosis --testicular tumor --puberty --old age Klinefelter's syndrome estrogen marijuana heroin psychoactive drugs Spironolactone Digitalis Cimetidine Alcohol Ketoconazole (Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers) |
|
|
breast pathologies that affect the nipple
|
paget's disease
breast abscess |
|
|
breast pathologies that affect
the lactiferous sinus of the breast |
intraductal papilloma
breast abscess mastitis |
|
|
breast mastitis seems to affect what parts of the breast?
|
nipple
lactiferous sinus |
|
|
breast pathologies that affect the major duct of the breast
|
fibrocystic change
ductal cancer |
|
|
breast pathologies that affect the terminal duct
|
tubular carcinoma
|
|
|
breast pathologies that affect the lobules
|
lobular carcinoma
sclerosing adenosis |
|
|
breast pathologies that affect the stroma
|
fibroadenoma
phyllodes tumor |
|
|
parts of the breast that may be affected by disease
(6) |
nipple
lactiferous sinus major duct terminal duct lobules stroma |
|
|
prostatitis sxs
|
dysuria
frequency urgency low back pain |
|
|
the most common type of
acute prostatitis chronic prostatitis |
bacterial e.g. E coli
------------------- abacterial (can be bacterial) |
|
|
BPH
may be due to... |
age-related ^ in estradiol
with possible sensitization of the prostate to the growth-promoting effects of DHT |
|
|
BPH
physically -- what lobes? describe |
nodular enlargement of the
periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes |
|
|
BPH
sxs |
^ frequency
nocturia difficulty starting and stopping stream of urine dysuria |
|
|
BPH
complications |
bladder distention and hypertrophy
hydronephrosis UTIs |
|
|
BPH
lab marker |
^ free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
|
|
|
BPH
treatment |
alpha-1 antagonists
--terazosin --tamsulosin finasteride |
|
|
alpha-1 antagonists used for BPH
|
terazosin
tamsulosin |
|
|
prostate cancer is classified as _
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adenocarcinoma
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prostate cancer arises most often from _
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posterior lobe (peripheral zone)
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prostate adenocarcinoma is most frequently diagnosed by
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digital rectal examination (hard nodule)
and prostate biopsy |
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prostate cancer
tumor markers |
prostatic acid phosphatase
prostate specific antigen --^ total PSA --v fraction of free PSA |
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cryptorchidism
complications |
^ risk of germ cell tumors
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_ increases the risk of cryptorchidism
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prematurity
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testicular germ cell tumors include
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seminoma
embryonal carcinoma yolk sac tumor choriocarcinoma teratoma |
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yolk sac tumor is aka
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endodermal sinus tumor
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endodermal sinus tumor is aka
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yolk sac tumor
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95% of all testicular tumors are _
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germ cell tumors
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which teratomas are malignant in males?
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Mature teratomas in Males are Malignant
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choriocarcinoma
route of metastasis |
hematogenous
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testicular yolk sac tumor
characteristics |
Yellow
mucinous Schiller-Duval bodies resemble primitive glomeruli |
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tumor marker for yolk sac tumor
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AFP
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AFP is a marker for testicular tumors including ...
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embryonal carcinoma
yolk sac tumor |
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two testicular germ cell tumors
re: pain |
seminoma: painless
embryonal: painful |
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embryonal carcinoma
general characteristics |
painful
worse prognosis than seminoma can differentiate to other tumors |
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embryonal carcinoma
tumor markers |
AFP
hCG |
|
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hCG is a marker for testicular cancers including...
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embryonal carcinoma
choriocarcinoma |
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embryonal carcinoma
histopathology |
glandular/papillary
|
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the most common testicular tumor
|
seminoma
|
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seminoma epi
|
most common testicular tumor
mostly males 15-35 |
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seminoma
histopathology |
large cells in lobules
with watery cytoplasm and a fried egg appearance |
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seminoma physical characteristics
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painless
homogenous testicular enlargement |
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seminoma
prognosis etc. |
radiosensitive
late metastasis excellent prognosis |
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testicular non-germ cell tumors include
|
leydig cell
sertoli cell testicular lymphoma |
|
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testicular non-germ cell tumors:
benign vs. malignant |
mostly benign
|
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the most common testicular cancer in older men
|
testicular lymphoma
|
|
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testicular lymphoma
comments |
most common testicular cancer in older men
|
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sertoli cell tumors
characteristics |
androblastoma from sex cord stroma
|
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leydig cell tumors
pathology characteristics |
Reinke crystals
golden brown color |
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leydig cell tumors
effects |
usu. androgen producing
gynecomastia in men precocious puberty in boys |
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tunica vaginalis lesions
a diagnostic point |
can be transilluminated
(vs. testicular tumors) |
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tunica vaginalis
general idea |
lesions in the serous covering of testis
|
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tunica vaginalis
types |
varicocele
hydrocele spermatocele |
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varicocele
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dilated vein in pampiniform plexus
can cause infertility "bag of worms" |
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spermatocele is
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dilated epididymal duct
|
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penile pathologies include
|
carcinoma in situ
--bowen's disease --erythroplasia of Queyrat --Bowenoid papulosis squamous cell carcinoma peyronie's disease |
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penile carcinoma in situ
types |
bowen's disease
erythroplasia of Queyrat Bowenoid papulosis |
|
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bowen's disease
physical characteristics |
gray
solitary crusty plaue usu on shaft of penis or on scrotum |
|
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bowen's disease
general characteristics |
peak incidence in 5th decade
< 10% of cases progress to invasive SCC |
|
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erythroplasia of queyrat
physical characteristics |
red velvety plaques
usu involving the glans |
|
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bowenoid papulosis
physical characteristics |
multiple papular lesions
|
|
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_ carcinoma in situ type usu. affects younger age group than other types
|
bowenoid papulosis
|
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bowenoid papulosis
prognosis |
usu does not become invasive
|
|
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squamous cell carcinoma
epi causes |
asia
africa south america HPV lack of circumcision |
|
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peyronie's disease is
|
bent penis
due to acquired fibrous tissue formation |
