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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epithelial cell junctions
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zona occludens
zona adherens macula adherens gap junction hemidesmosome |
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tight junction aka
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zona occludens
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zona occludens aka
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tight junction
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zona adherens aka
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intermediate junction
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intermediate junction aka
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zona adherens
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macula adherens aka
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desmosome
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desmosome aka
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macula adherens
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zona occludens aka
role composition |
tight junction
prevents diffusion across paracellular space claudins occludins |
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zona occludens proteins
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claudins
occludins |
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zona adherens aka
proteins |
intermediate junction
cadherins connect to actin |
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cadherins are __
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calcium-depdendent adhesion molecules
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cadherins are __
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calcium-depdendent adhesion molecules
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cadherins are __
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calcium-depdendent adhesion molecules
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cadherins are __
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calcium-depdendent adhesion molecules
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macula adherens aka
proteins |
desmosome
cadherins link cells desmoplakin keratin (intermediate filaments) |
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macula adherens aka
proteins |
desmosome
cadherins link cells desmoplakin keratin (intermediate filaments) |
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macula adherens aka
proteins |
desmosome
cadherins link cells desmoplakin keratin (intermediate filaments) |
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pemmphigus vulgaris pathophys in 1 phrase
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autoantibodies against desmosome
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gap junction allows adjacent cells to communicate for ...
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electric and metabolic functions
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cadherins are __
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calcium-depdendent adhesion molecules
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macula adherens aka
proteins |
desmosome
cadherins link cells desmoplakin keratin (intermediate filaments) |
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pemmphigus vulgaris pathophys in 1 phrase
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autoantibodies against desmosome
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pemmphigus vulgaris pathophys in 1 phrase
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autoantibodies against desmosome
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what causes the unhappy triad knee injury?
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football
force from the lateral side |
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gap junction protein
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connexon (forms a channel)
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what causes the unhappy triad knee injury?
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football
force from the lateral side |
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pemmphigus vulgaris pathophys in 1 phrase
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autoantibodies against desmosome
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gap junction allows adjacent cells to communicate for ...
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electric and metabolic functions
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gap junction allows adjacent cells to communicate for ...
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electric and metabolic functions
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macula adherens aka
proteins |
desmosome
cadherins link cells desmoplakin keratin (intermediate filaments) |
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gap junction protein
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connexon (forms a channel)
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pemmphigus vulgaris pathophys in 1 phrase
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autoantibodies against desmosome
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autoantibodies against desmosome --->
against hemidesmosome --> |
pemphigus vulgaris
bullous pemphigoid |
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autoantibodies against desmosome --->
against hemidesmosome --> |
pemphigus vulgaris
bullous pemphigoid |
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pemphigus vulgaris vs.
bullous pemphigoid pathophys |
autoantibodies:
against desmosome against hemidesmosome |
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gap junction allows adjacent cells to communicate for ...
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electric and metabolic functions
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integrin role
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maintains "integrity" of BM
binds to laminin in BM |
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gap junction allows adjacent cells to communicate for ...
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electric and metabolic functions
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unhappy triad/knee injury (3)
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medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus |
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pemmphigus vulgaris pathophys in 1 phrase
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autoantibodies against desmosome
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what causes the unhappy triad knee injury?
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football
force from the lateral side |
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gap junction protein
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connexon (forms a channel)
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anterior and posterior in ACL and PCL refer to...
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sites of tibial attachment
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pemphigus vulgaris vs.
bullous pemphigoid pathophys |
autoantibodies:
against desmosome against hemidesmosome |
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_ indicates torn ACL
_ indicates torn MCL |
positive anterior drawer sign
abnormal passive abduction |
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_ indicates torn ACL
_ indicates torn MCL |
positive anterior drawer sign
abnormal passive abduction |
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_ indicates torn ACL
_ indicates torn MCL |
positive anterior drawer sign
abnormal passive abduction |
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_ indicates torn ACL
_ indicates torn MCL |
positive anterior drawer sign
abnormal passive abduction |
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abnormal passive abduction indicates _
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a torn MCL
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abnormal passive abduction indicates _
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a torn MCL
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abnormal passive abduction indicates _
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a torn MCL
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abnormal passive abduction indicates _
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a torn MCL
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positive anterior drawer sign indicates
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torn ACL
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positive anterior drawer sign indicates
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torn ACL
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positive anterior drawer sign indicates
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torn ACL
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|
pemphigus vulgaris vs.
bullous pemphigoid pathophys |
autoantibodies:
against desmosome against hemidesmosome |
|
|
what causes the unhappy triad knee injury?
|
football
force from the lateral side |
|
|
positive anterior drawer sign indicates
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torn ACL
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integrin role
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maintains "integrity" of BM
binds to laminin in BM |
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besides an epidural, to relieve pain of delivery...
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pudendal nerve block
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besides an epidural, to relieve pain of delivery...
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pudendal nerve block
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besides an epidural, to relieve pain of delivery...
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pudendal nerve block
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besides an epidural, to relieve pain of delivery...
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pudendal nerve block
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autoantibodies against desmosome --->
against hemidesmosome --> |
pemphigus vulgaris
bullous pemphigoid |
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landmark for pudendal nerve block
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ischial spine
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landmark for pudendal nerve block
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ischial spine
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landmark for pudendal nerve block
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ischial spine
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landmark for pudendal nerve block
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ischial spine
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pemphigus vulgaris vs.
bullous pemphigoid pathophys |
autoantibodies:
against desmosome against hemidesmosome |
|
|
integrin role
|
maintains "integrity" of BM
binds to laminin in BM |
|
|
pemphigus vulgaris vs.
bullous pemphigoid pathophys |
autoantibodies:
against desmosome against hemidesmosome |
|
|
unhappy triad/knee injury (3)
|
medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus |
|
|
integrin role
|
maintains "integrity" of BM
binds to laminin in BM |
|
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unhappy triad/knee injury (3)
|
medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus |
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cadherins are __
|
calcium-depdendent adhesion molecules
|
|
|
what causes the unhappy triad knee injury?
|
football
force from the lateral side |
|
|
unhappy triad/knee injury (3)
|
medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus |
|
|
integrin role
|
maintains "integrity" of BM
binds to laminin in BM |
|
|
what causes the unhappy triad knee injury?
|
football
force from the lateral side |
|
|
macula adherens aka
proteins |
desmosome
cadherins link cells desmoplakin keratin (intermediate filaments) |
|
|
unhappy triad/knee injury (3)
|
medial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus |
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_ indicates tearing of ACL
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anterior drawer sign
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_ indicates torn MCL
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abnormal passive abduction
|
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__ causes unhappy triad knee injury
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football. force from the lateral side
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anterior and posterior in ACL and PCL refer to _
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sites of tibial attachment
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besides epidural, think of _ nerve block to relieve pain of delivery
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pudendal nerve block
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pudendal nerve block landmark
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ischial spine
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pitching injury think _
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infraspinatus
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upper trunk is lesioned by _
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trauma
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C7 root is lesioned by _
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cervical disk lesion
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cause of lower trunk injury
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cervical rib
pancoast tumor of lung |
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lower trunk injury leads to _
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klumpke's palsy
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radial nerve injury. what causes it?
(3) |
compressed in axilla by a crutch
in spiral groove: midshaft fracture of humerus deep branch below elbow: stretched by subluxation of radius |
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axillary nerve injury:
cause? |
fracture of surgical neck
humerus dislocation intramuscular injections |
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median nerve injuries
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recurrent branch: superficial laceration
at elbow: --supracondylar fracture of humerus --pronator teres syndrome at wrist, compressed in --carpal tunnel syndrome --dislocated lunate |
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ulnar nerve injuries
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elbow:
--repeated minor trauma --humerus medial epicondyle fracture hand: --trauma to heel of hand --fracture of hook of hamate |
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fracture of hook of hamate may injure _ nerve
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ulnar nerve
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dislocated lunate may injure _ nerve
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median nerve
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fracture of medial epicondyle of humerus may injure
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ulnar nerve
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supracondylar fracture of humerus may injure
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median nerve
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subluxation of radius may injure
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deep branch of radial nerve
(a little below elbow) |
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_ thenar muscle is innervated by ulnar
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adductor pollicis
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_ branch of median nerve that does not go through the carpal tunnel
_ branch of median nerve that innervates thenar muscles |
palmar cutaneous branch
recurrent branch |
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waiter's tip is aka
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erb's palsy
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total claw hand is aka
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klumpke's palsy
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klumpke's palsy is aka
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total claw hand
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erb's palsy is aka
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waiter's tip
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upper trunk injury -->
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waiter's tip (Erb's palsy)
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lower trunk injury -->
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total claw hand (Klumpke's palsy)
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injury of posterior cord of brachial plexus -->
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wrist drop
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injury of long thoracic nerve -->
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winged scapula
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injury of axillary nerve-->
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deltoid paralysis
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injury of radial nerve -->
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saturday night palsy (wrist drop)
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injury of musculocutaneous -->
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difficulty flexing elbow
variable sensory loss |
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injury of median nerve -->
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v thumb function ("ape hand")
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injury of ulnar nerve -->
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intrinsic muscles of hand
claw hand ("Pope's blessing") |
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axillary
radial median ulnar musculocutaneous what C levels? |
56
58 61 81 57 |
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axillary c levels
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56
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radial c levels
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58
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median c levels
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61
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ulnar c levels
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81
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musculocutaneous c levels
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57
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saturday night palsy is __
affects what nerve? |
extended compression of axilla by back of chair or crutches
affects radial nerve |
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median motor deficits
proximal lesion distal lesion |
lateral finger flexion
wrist flexion opposition of thumb |
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median sensory deficit
proximal lesion vs distal lesion |
both:
dorsal and palmar aspects of lateral 3 1/2 fingers proximal: also includes thenar eminence |
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ulnar nerve distal lesion is __
occurs how? |
fracture of hook of hamate
falling onto outstretched arm |
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ulnar nerve proximal lesion
motor deficit |
medial finger flexion
wrist flexion |
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lateral finger flexion
medial finger flexion what nerve deficit? |
median nerve, proximal lesion
ulnar nerve, proximal lesion |
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wrist flexion is affected by what nerve lesion?
|
proximal lesion of either median or ulnar
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ulnar nerve distal lesion lesion
motor deficit |
interossei
--abduction of fingers --adduction of fingers adductor pollicis lumbricals --extension of 4th and 5th fingers |
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musculocutaneous nerve is injured how?
|
upper trunk compression
|
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musculocutaneous lesion
motor deficit |
bicepts
brachialis coracobrachialis |
|
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ulnar nerve proximal lesion
sign |
radial deviation of wrist upon wrist flexion
|
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ulnar nerve distal lesion
|
ulnar claw hand (when asked to straighten fingers)
aka Pope's blessing |
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waiter's tip is caused by what injury?
how? |
upper trunk injury 2^
blow to shoulder trauma during delivery |
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waiter's tip findings
|
limb hangs by side
(paralysis of abductors) mediallly rotated (paralysis of lateral rotators) forearm is pronated (loss of biceps) |
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thoracic outlet syndrome is _
|
cervical rib
compress subcclavian artery and inferior trunk |
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thoracic outlet syndrome features
|
atrophy
--thenar and hypothenar --interossei sensory deficits medial side of forearm and hand moving head toward a side--> disappearance of radial pulse |
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distortions of the hand:
4 types |
ulnar claw
median claw "ape hand" klumpke's total claw |
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lumbricals action
|
flex MCP joints
extend DIP and PIP joints |
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ulnar claw
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distal ulnar nerve lesion-->
loss of medial lumbrical fxn 4th and 5th digits are clawed (cannot extend them) |
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pope's blessing is seen when?
|
distal ulnar nerve lesion (4th and 5th fingers clawed) when trying to extend the hand
or making fist with proximal median nerve lesion (can't flex lateral digits) |
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median claw
|
distal median nerve lesion
loss of lateral lumbrical function 2nd and 3rd digits are clawed (cannot extend) |
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"ape hand"
|
proximal median nerve lesion
loss of opponens pollicis function unopposable thumb |
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klumpke's total claw
|
lesion of lower trunk -->
loss of function of all lumbricals leaving forearm finger flexors and finger extensors unopposed |
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long thoracic nerve c___
|
57
|
|
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thenar muscles innervated by median nerve
hypothenar muscles innervated by ulnar nerve |
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis opponens digiti minimi abductor digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi |
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dorsal interossei vs. palmar inerossei do what?
|
dorsal abduct D AB
palmar adduct P AD |
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lumbricals do what?
|
flex at the MCP joint
|
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golf elbow is where?
tennis elbow is where? |
medial epicondylitis
lateral epicondylitis |
|
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lower extremity nerves LS
|
obturator: 24
femoral: 24 common peroneal: 42 tibial: 42 superior gluteal: 41 inferior gluteal: 52 |
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obturator LS
|
24
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femoral LS
|
24
|
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common peroneal LS
fibial LS |
42
42 |
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superior gluteal
inferior gluteal LS |
41
52 |
|
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obturator nerve
cause of injury |
anterior hip dislocation
|
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femoral nerve cause of injury
|
pelvic fracture
|
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common peroneal nerve
cause of injury |
trauma to lateral leg
or fibula neck fracture |
|
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tibial nerve
cause of injury |
knee trauma
|
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superior gluteal
cause of injury |
posterior hip dislocation
polio |
|
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inferior gluteal
cause of injury |
posterior hip dislocation
|
|
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posterior hip dislocation can injure _ nerve
|
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal |
|
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obturator nerve
motor deficit |
thigh adduction
|
|
|
common peroneal LS
fibial LS |
42
42 |
|
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superior gluteal
inferior gluteal LS |
41
52 |
|
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obturator nerve
cause of injury |
anterior hip dislocation
|
|
|
femoral nerve cause of injury
|
pelvic fracture
|
|
|
common peroneal nerve
cause of injury |
trauma to lateral leg
or fibula neck fracture |
|
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tibial nerve
cause of injury |
knee trauma
|
|
|
superior gluteal
cause of injury |
posterior hip dislocation
polio |
|
|
inferior gluteal
cause of injury |
posterior hip dislocation
|
|
|
posterior hip dislocation can injure _ nerve
|
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal |
|
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obturator nerve
motor deficit |
thigh adduction
|
|
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femoral nerve
motor deficit |
thigh flexion
leg extension |
|
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common peroneal nerve
motor deficit |
foot eversion and dorsiflexion
toe extension foot drop foot slap steppage gait |
|
|
tibial nerve
motor deficit |
foot inversion and plantarflexion
toe flexion |
|
|
foot inversion is by
foot eversion is by |
tibial
common peroneal |
|
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superior gluteal motor deficit
|
thigh abduction
|
|
|
trendelenburg sign is __
indicates injury to _ nerve |
hip drops when standing on opposite foot
deficit in thigh abduction due to superior gluteal nerve injury |
|
|
inferior gluteal nerve
motor deficit |
can't jump
climb stairs rise from seated position push inferiorly (downward) |
|
|
obturator nerve
sensory deficit |
medial thigh
|
|
|
femoral nerve
sensory deficit |
anterior thigh
medial leg |
|
|
common peroneal nerve
sensory deficit |
anterolateral leg
dorsal foot |
|
|
tibial nerve
sensory deficit |
sole of foot
|
|
|
mnemonic for peroneal
|
PED
Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes if injured, foot dropPED |
|
|
dorsiflexion =
|
extend foot
|
|
|
mnemonic for tibial nerve
|
TIP
Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes if injured, can't stand on TIPtoes |
|
|
sciatic nerve LS
|
42
|
|
|
sciatic nerve splits into _ nerves
|
common peroneal
tibial |
|
|
muscle contraction:
nerve steps |
1. action potential depolarization opens Ca++ channels
--> neurotransmitter release 2. postsynaptic ligand binding --> muscle cell depolarization in motor end plate depolarization travels down the T-tubule |
|
|
muscle contraction:
depolarization of the T tubule then what? (till calcium is released) |
4. depolarization of voltage sensitive dihydropyridine receptor
coupled to the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum --> Ca++ release from SR |
|
|
once calcium is released from the SR... then
|
5. Ca++ binds troponin C -->
conformational change that moves tropomyosin out of the myosin-binding groove on actin filaments myosin releases bound ADP and is displaced on the actin filament (power stroke) |
|
|
muscle contraction results in shrinkage of _ but not _
|
H zone and I band
not A band (A band is Always the same length) |
|
|
sarcomere =
|
z line to z line
|
|
|
sarcomere
|
|
|
|
3 sizes of muscle "fibers"
|
fascicle
fiber myofiber |
|
|
type 1 vs. type 2 muscle fibers
|
"One Slow Red Ox"
type 1 --slow twich --red ^ mitochondria ^ myoglobin for oxidative phosphorylation type 2 --fast twitch --white v mitochondria v myoglobin because ^ glycolysis |
|
|
myosin power stroke state... then what?
|
ADP release,
ATP binding--> release of actin ffilament, allowing cross-bridge cycling and shortening to occur |
|
|
myosin...
hydrolysis of ATP --> |
moves the myosin head into cocked state
|
|
|
4 states of muscle contraction
|
1. cocked state (caused by ATP hydrolysis)
Ca++ facilitates (2) 2. cross-bridged state (bound to filament) 3. power stroke state (then releases ADP) 4. released state (has ATP) |
|
|
Ca++'s crucial role in muscle contraction
|
binds troponin C -->
conformational change that moves tropomyosin out of the myosin-binding groove on actin filaments |
|
|
smooth muscle contraction
|
action potential
smooth muscle membrane depolarization voltage gated Ca++ channels open ^ Ca++ in cytoplasm Ca++ binds calmodulin activates myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) |
|
|
smooth muscle contraction apparatus
|
myosin light chain kinase MLCK -->
myosin P + actin = cross bridge formation with contraction |
|
|
smooth muscle relaxation apparatus
|
myosin light chain phosphatase -->
myosin + actin --> relaxation |
|
|
how does nitric oxide cause smooth muscle relaxation?
|
NO -->
guanylate cyclase --> cGMP --> inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) |
|
|
endochondral ossification
|
cartilaginous model is first made by chondrocytes
osteoclasts and osteoblasts later replace with woven bone and remodel to lamellar bone |
|
|
membranous ossification involves what bones?
|
skull
facial bones axial skeleton |
|
|
axial skeleton
|
|
|
|
membranous ossification
|
woven bone formed directly, without cartilage
later remodeled to lamellar bone |
