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273 Cards in this Set
- Front
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|
_ in g+ cell wall
_ in g- cell wall both induce the same (2) from the immune system |
teichoic acid
Lipid A TNF IL-1 |
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|
two compositional features of spores
|
keratin-like coat
dipicolinic acid |
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g+ rods (5)
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clostridium
corynebacterium bacillus listeria mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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spirochetes
|
leptospira
treponema borrelia |
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|
m. tuberculosis is acid fast
_ is weakly acid fast |
nocardia
|
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|
actinomyces vs. nocardia
oxygen tolerance |
actinomyces
--obligate anaerobe nocardia --obligate aerobe note: nocardia is the one that's weakly acid fast, like m. tuberculosis, which is also an obligate aerobe |
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enterics (13)
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yersinia
klebsiella shigella escerechia coli enterobacter bacteroides campylobacter salmonella proteus pseudomonas serratia vibrio helicobacter |
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g- non-enterics (8)
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haemophilus
brucella bordatella gardnerella (g variable) pasteurella francisella bartonella legionella |
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a gram-variable rod
|
gardnerella
|
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giemsa-staining g- bacteria
|
chlamydia
borrelia |
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|
mycoplasma contain _
mycobacteria contain _ |
sterols
mycolic acid; high lipid content |
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these do not gram stain well
|
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
Treponema (too thin) Rickettsia (intracellular) Mycobacteria (high lipid content) Mycoplasma (no cell wall) Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular) Chlamydia (intracellular; cell wall lacks muramic acid) |
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giemsa stain
|
borrelia
chlamydia plasmodium trypanosomes there was a PT, B.C. |
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PAS stain
|
glycogen
mucopolysaccharides Whipple's disease diagnosis |
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acid fast organisms can be stained with _ stain
|
Ziehl-Neelsen
|
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Cryptococcus neoformans can be stained by
|
india ink
mucicarmine |
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silver stain used for (2)
|
fungi (e.g. pneumocystis)
legionella |
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|
culture media:
h. influenzae |
chocolate agar with
factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin) |
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|
culture media
n. gonorrhoeae |
thayer-martin/vpn
vancomycin (nails G+) polymyxin (nails G-) nystatin (nails fungi) |
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obligate aerobes
|
nagging pests must breathe
Nocardia Pseudomonas Mycobacteria Bacillus |
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|
tuberculosis that's reactivated by immune compromise or anti-TNF-alpha use
localizes to... |
apices of the lung
[highest PO2] |
|
|
obligate anaerobes
|
can't breathe air
clostridium bacteroides aspergillus |
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why can obligate anaerobes not tolerate oxygen?
|
they lack
catalase and/or superoxide dismutase |
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|
3 characteristics of obligate anaerobes
|
--foul-smelling (short-chain fatty acids)
--difficult to culture --produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2) |
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_ abx require O2 to enter bacterial cell, therefore...
|
aminoglycosides
they're ineffective against anaerobes |
|
|
tuberculosis that's reactivated by immune compromise or anti-TNF-alpha use
localizes to... |
apices of the lung
[highest PO2] |
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obligate anaerobes
|
can't breathe air
clostridium bacteroides actinomyces |
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why can obligate anaerobes not tolerate oxygen?
|
they lack
catalase and/or superoxide dismutase |
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3 characteristics of obligate anaerobes
|
--foul-smelling (short-chain fatty acids)
--difficult to culture --produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2) |
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_ abx require O2 to enter bacterial cell, therefore...
|
aminoglycosides
they're ineffective against anaerobes |
|
|
why are rickettsia & chlamydia obligate intracellulars?
|
can't make their own ATP
|
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facultative intracellular bugs
|
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy
Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella |
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quelling reaction:
the capsule swells when you add _ |
anticapsular antisera
|
|
|
encapsulated bugs
|
some killers have nice shiny bodies
strep pneumo klebsiella pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae type B neisseria meningitidis salmonella group B strep |
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group B strep =
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strep agalactiae
|
|
|
bacterial capsules hinder immune _
|
phagocytosis
|
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|
protein-conjugated polysaccharide antigen vaccines include
|
pneumovax
H. influenzae type B meningococcal vaccines |
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urease-positive bugs
|
particular kinds have urease
proteus klebsiella h pylori ureaplasma |
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|
pigments made by
actinomyces israelii s. aureus |
yellow "sulfur" granules
--mass of filaments --formed in pus yellow pigment |
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3 virulence factors
|
protein A
IgA protease protein M |
|
|
protein A virulence factor.
bug & mechanism |
s. aureus
binds Fc of Ig --> prevents opsonization and phagocytosis |
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IgA protease is secreted by _
|
SHiN
strep pneumo haemophilus influenzae neisseria |
|
|
purpose of IgA protease (bacterial virulence factor)
|
secreted to colonize respiratory mucosa
|
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|
m protein virulence factor does --
|
helps prevent phagocytosis
|
|
|
exotoxins vs. endotoxins
(4) |
genes @ plasmid or bacteriophage vs.
--bacterial chromosome high (1 microgram) vs. --low (hundreds of micrograms) toxicity high-titer antibodies (antitoxins) vs. --hardly antigenic destroyed rapidly at 60 ^C (except staphylococcal enterotoxin) vs. --stable at 100 ^C for 1 hour |
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how endotoxin is released into the host
|
released when bacterium is lysed
|
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superantigens activate large numbers of T cells, thereby causing release of
|
IGF-gamma
IL-2 |
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|
toxic shock syndrome sxs
|
fever
rash shock |
|
|
_ toxin causes toxic shock-like syndrome
|
scarlet fever erythrogenic toxin
(s. pyogenes) |
|
|
ADP ribosylating A-B toxins are made by (4) bacteria
|
corynebacterium diphtheriae
vibrio cholerae e. coli bordetella pertussis |
|
|
corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin mechanism
2 sxs |
inactivates EF-2 (similar to Pseudomonas exotoxin A)
--pharyngitis --pseudomembrane |
|
|
(2) produce toxins that inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)
|
corynebacterium diphtheriae
pseudomonas exotoxin A |
|
|
solution chemistry effects of cholera toxin
|
^ Cl- pumping into gut
v Na+ absorption H2O moves into gut lumen |
|
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e coli ADP ribosylating A-B toxins
|
toxin: activates--
heat-labile: adenylate cyclase heat-stable: guanylate cyclase |
|
|
which e coli have heat labile / heat stable ADP ribosylating A-B toxins?
sxs? |
ETEC
watery diarrhea |
|
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bordetella pertussis toxin mechanism
|
permanently disables Gi--> whooping cough
inhibits chemokine receptor--> lymphocytosis |
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|
misc bacteria that have toxins
|
clostridium perfringens
clostridium tetani clostridium botulinum bacillus anthracis shigella strep pyogenes |
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|
double zone of hemolysis on blood agar, think _
|
clostridium perfringens
alpha toxin |
|
|
clostridium perfringens toxin & what it does
|
alpha toxin, a lecithinase
cleaves cell membranes --> --gas gangrene --double zone of hemolysis on blood agar |
|
|
clostridium tetani vs.
clostridium botulinum: what neurotransmitters are blocked? |
tetanus: glycine, GABA
botulism: ACh |
|
|
botulism toxin sxs (3)
|
anticholinergic symptoms
CNS paralysis--*cranial nerves* floppy baby |
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|
an anticholinergic toxin
|
botulism
|
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bacillus anthracis toxin
|
edema factor,
part of the toxin complex is an adenylate cyclase |
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edema factor is produced by _ bacterium
|
bacillus anthracis
|
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shiga toxin is found in _ bacteria
|
shigella
e coli O157:H7 |
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|
shiga toxin mechanism
|
cleaves host cell rRNA
--> inactivates 60S ribosome enhances cytokine release --> HUS |
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|
group A strep
|
strep pyogenes
|
|
|
s. pyogenes toxin
|
streptolysin O is
a hemolysin antigen for ASO antibody (used for dx of rheumatic fever) |
|
|
_ from _ bacterium is an antigen for ASO antibody
|
streptolysin O
strep pyogenes |
|
|
cAMP-inducing toxins
|
--cholera permanently activates Gs
--pertussis permanently disables Gi --ETEC: heat-labile toxin activates adenylate cyclase --anthrax edema factor is an adenylate cyclase |
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endotoxin esp lipid A activates (3)
|
macrophages
alternative complement pathway hageman factor |
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endotoxin activation of macrophages -->
|
IL-1
--fever TNF --fever --hemorrhagic tissue necrosis NO --hypotension (shock) |
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endotoxin activation of alternate complement -->
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C3a
--hypotension --edema C5a --neutrophil chemotaxis |
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endotoxin activation of hageman factor -->
|
coagulation cascade -->
DIC |
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|
transformation =
aka |
ability to take up DNA from the environment
competence |
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|
transformation is done by...
|
many bacteria, including...
SHiN s. pneumoniae h. influenzae type B neisseria |
|
|
generalized vs. specialized transduction
(2) |
a packaging event
--an excision event lytic phage --lysogenic phage |
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|
genes for these bacterial toxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage
|
ABCDE
--shigA-like toxin --botulinum toxin (certain strains) --cholera toxin --diphtheria toxin --erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes |
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actinomyces vs. nocardia
|
anaerobe
not acid fast aerobe acid fast |
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lab test:
staphylococcus vs. streptococcus |
staph: catalase +
|
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staph aureus vs. other staph
|
s. aureus: coagulase +
|
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|
staph besides s. aureus
and their lab tests |
they're coagulase -
s. epidermidis --novobiocin sensitive s. saprophyticus --novobiocin resistant |
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_ is either alpha or gamma hemolytic
|
enterococcus
|
|
|
streptococcus species are classified first by...
|
hemolysis
green-- alpha (partial) clear-- beta (complete) none-- gamma |
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alpha-hemolytic strep
lab classification |
s. pneumo
capsule optochin sensitive bile soluble vs. vice-versa for viridans strep |
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viridans strep include
|
s. mutans
s. sanguis |
|
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beta hemolytic strep
include (2) |
group A
s pyogenes group B s. agalactiae |
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|
group A vs. group B strep
lab classification |
bacitracin sensitive
bacitracin resistant CAMP test |
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|
gamma-hemolytic strep
lab algorithm |
enterococcus growth in bile
and 6.5% NaCl (e. faecalis) peptostreptoccus (anaerobe) |
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a gamma-hemolytic anaerobe
|
peptostreptococcus
|
|
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peptostreptococcus is a
|
gamma-hemolytic anaerobe
|
|
|
topography on the page
strep |
s pneumo
viridans strep s pyogenes s agalactiae enterococcus enterococcus faecalis peptostreptococcus |
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|
non-strep beta-hemolytic bacteria
|
staph aureus
listeria monocytogenes |
|
|
H2O2 is converted to _ by _
bacteria fight this by _ which _ |
microbicidal products
myeloperoxidase catalase degrades it |
|
|
catalase-producing bacteria easily degrade what H2O2 is present in people with _ disease
|
CGD
|
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|
staph aureus virulence factor and its mechanism
|
protein A
binds Fc of IgG --> inhibiting complement fixation & phagocytosis |
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|
staph aureus --> (9)
|
skin infections
organ abscesses pneumonia toxic shock (TSST-1) scalded skin (exfoliatin) rapid-onset food poisoning (enterotoxins) MRSA acute endocarditis osteomyelitis |
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staph epidermidis -->
|
adherent biofilms -->
--prosthetic devices --IV catheters normal skin flora --> --contaminates blood cultures |
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strep pneumoniae --> (7)
|
most common cause of MOPS
meningitis otitis media (in children) pneumonia sinusitis associated with: --rusty sputum --sepsis in sickle cell anemia --splenectomy |
|
|
strep pneumo:
physical characteristics virulence factor |
lancet-shaped
encapsulated IgA protease |
|
|
viridans strep are normal oral flora. they cause...
|
dental caries (strep mutans)
subacute endocarditis (strep sanguis) |
|
|
strep pyogenes -->
|
pyogenic
--pharyngitis --cellulitis --impetigo immunologic --rheumatic fever --acute glomerulonephritis |
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rheumatic fever sxs
|
no "rheum" for SPECCulation
subcutaneous plaques polyarthritis erythema marginatum chorea carditis |
|
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strep pyogenes virulence factor
|
m protein
|
|
|
_ molecules cause rheumatic fever
|
antibodies to m protein
|
|
|
_ lab test detects recent
s. pyogenes infection |
ASO titer
|
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ASO titer measures
|
recent s. pyogenes infection
|
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strep agalactiae-->
|
PMS
pneumonia meningitis sepsis mainly in babies |
|
|
group D strep =
|
enterococci
streptococcus bovis |
|
|
strep agalactiae colonizes
|
vagina
|
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|
a clinical point about strep agalactiae
|
screen pregnant women at 35-37 weeks.
if +, receive intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis |
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|
strep agalactiae: a lab point
|
produces CAMP factor, which
enlarges area of hemolysis formed by S. aureus |
|
|
enterococci lab test
|
can grow in
6.5% NaCl and bile |
|
|
enterococci _ & _
found where? |
faecalis
faecium normal colonic flora |
|
|
enterococci cause
|
UTI
subacute endocarditis |
|
|
enterococci abx resistance
|
enterococci
--resistant to pcn G VRE --nosocomial infection |
|
|
strep bovis
|
colonizes the gut
colon cancer pts: --bacteremia --subacute endocarditis |
|
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corynebacterium diphtheria toxin is encoded by
|
beta-prophage
|
|
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diphtheria sxs include
|
pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white)
lymphadenopathy |
|
|
lab dx of corynebacterium diphtheria
|
g+ rods
metachromatic granules (blue and red) |
|
|
_ to kill spores
|
autoclave:
steaming @ 121 ^C 15 minutes |
|
|
spore-forming bacteria in soil:
other spore formers: |
bacillus anthracis
clostridium perfringens clostridium tetani bacillus cereus clostridium botulinum |
|
|
spore formers in the soil
|
B. anthracis
C. perfringens C. tetani |
|
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clostridium are obligate...
|
anaerobes
|
|
|
tetanus toxin _
mechanism |
tetanospasmin
blocks glycine & GABA @ Renshaw cells in spinal cord |
|
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tetanus sxs
|
spastic paralysis
trismus --lockjaw --risus sardonicus |
|
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how to destroy botulism toxin
|
heat-labile
|
|
|
botulism in adults vs. babies
|
ingestion of
preformed toxin spores |
|
|
c. perfringens toxin causes (2)
|
myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
hemolysis |
|
|
c. difficile toxins
|
toxin A
--enterotoxin --binds brush border toxin B --cytotoxin --destroys enterocytes -->pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
rx for C. difficile
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
c. difficile diagnosis
|
detection of toxins in stool
|
|
|
anthrax pathology is caused by...
|
lethal factor
edema factor |
|
|
black eschar of anthrax =
|
painless ulcer
necrosis surrounded by edema |
|
|
woolsorters disease is _ _
|
inhalation of anthrax spores
|
|
|
versions of anthrax
|
cutaneous contact
-->black eschar, which can --> bacteremia & death pulmonary inhalation --flulike sxs rapidly progress to --fever --pulmonary hemorrhage --mediastinitis --shock |
|
|
bacillus vs. clostridium in how they deal with oxygen
|
bacillus: obligate aerobe
clostridium: obligate anaerobe |
|
|
listeria monocytogenes transmission
|
unpasteurized milk/cheese
deli meats vaginal transmission @ birth |
|
|
listeria monocytogenes physical characteristics
|
--facultative intracellular
--actin rockets to move from cell--> cell --tumbling motility |
|
|
listeria monocytogenes--> (7)
|
3 + 2 + 2
pregnant women: --amnionitis --septicemia --spontaneous abortion granulomatosis infantiseptica neonatal meningitis immunocompromised: --meningitis healthy: --mild gastroenteritis |
|
|
actinomyces israelii forms _
|
yellow "sulfur granules"
in sinus tracts |
|
|
antibiotics for actinomyces & nocardia
|
SNAP
sulfa for nocardia actinomyces, use penicillin |
|
|
actinomyces israelii: habitat & disease it causes
(4) |
anaerobe
oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts normal oral flora |
|
|
nocardia: habitat & disease it causes
(3) |
aerobe
soil pulmonary infection in immunocompromised |
|
|
extrapulmonary TB
|
CNS
--(parenchyma or meningitis) vertebral body (Pott's) lymphadenitis renal GI |
|
|
notably, PPD can be + if
|
past exposure
|
|
|
PPD can be - in the face of TB infection if...
|
anergic:
--steroids --malnutrition --immunocompromise --sarcoidosis |
|
|
Ghon complex =
|
TB granulomas
--Ghon focus -- usu lower lobes --lobar & perihilar lymph nodes |
|
|
mycobacterium kansasii -->
|
pulmonary TB-like sxs
|
|
|
TB sxs include (4)
|
fever
night sweats weight loss hemoptysis |
|
|
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (3)
|
--multiple drug resistance
-disseminated disease in AIDS --prophylaxis with azithromycin |
|
|
leprosy culture
|
cannot be grown in vitro
|
|
|
leprosy rx
|
--long-term oral dapsone
alternatively: --rifampin --clofazimine & dapsone |
|
|
dapsone s/e
|
hemolysis
methemoglobinemia |
|
|
clinical presentation of
lepromatous vs. tuberculoid leprosy |
diffusely over skin
a few hypoesthetic skin nodules |
|
|
labs re: campylobacter, vibrio
|
oxidase +
comma-shaped 42^C: campylobacter alkaline media: vibrio |
|
|
labs:
N. meningitidis vs. N. gonorrhoeae |
meningitidis ferments maltose
|
|
|
"coccoid" g- rods
|
haemophilus influenzae
pasteurella brucella bordetella pertussis |
|
|
g- rods
lactose fast fermenters: color? |
pink
klebsiella e coli enterobacter |
|
|
g- rods
lactose slow fermenters: color? |
pink
citrobacter serratia |
|
|
g- rods
lactose non-fermenters: color? |
white
oxidase + --pseudomonas oxidase - --shigella --salmonella --proteus |
|
|
e coli produces _ which breaks down lactose into _
|
beta-galactosidase
glucose galactose |
|
|
g- bacilli are resistant to _
why? |
the outer membrane inhibits entry of penicillin G and vancomycin
|
|
|
n. gonorrhoeae and
n. meningitidis both... |
ferment glucose
produce IgA proteases |
|
|
neisseria vaccine
|
yes, for neisseria meningitidis
(but none for type B) |
|
|
n. meningitidis transmission
|
respiratory & oral secretions
|
|
|
n. meningitidis causes...
|
meningococcemia
meningitis waterhouse-friedrichsen |
|
|
violin-string adhesions
seen in fitz-hugh-curtis |
|
|
chlamydia "PUCR" vs. gonorrhea
sxs listed in First Aid |
PID
--PID urethritis --gonorrhea conjunctivitis --neonatal conjunctivitis reactive arthritis --septic arthritis --Fitz-Hugh-Curtis |
|
|
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis is
|
perihepatitis 2^ PID
|
|
|
_ prophylaxis for
neisseria meningitidis |
rifampin
|
|
|
haemophilus influenzae causes
|
haEMOPhilus
epiglottitis ('cherry red' in kids) meningitis otitis media pneumonia |
|
|
haemophilus influenzae transmission
|
aerosol
|
|
|
haemophilus influenzae virulence factor
|
--capsule (notably in type B)
--IgA protease |
|
|
culture for haemophilus influenzae requires...
|
factors V (NAD+) and
X (hematin) culture with S. aureus can provide factor V |
|
|
rx for haemophilus influenzae:
--meningitis --prophylaxis |
ceftriaxone
rifampin |
|
|
haemophilus influenzae vaccine is given @ what age?
|
between 2-18 months
|
|
|
legionnaires' disease =
|
severe pneumonia
fever |
|
|
treatment for legionella pneumophila
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
a lab test for legionella
|
antigen in urine
|
|
|
pseudomonas -->
|
PSEUDO
pneumonia *in cystic fibrosis* sepsis (black lesions on skin) external otitis (swimmer's ear) --malignant in diabetics UTI drug use diabetic osteomyelitis wound & burn infections hot tub folliculitis |
|
|
pseudomonas is an obligate
|
aerobe
|
|
|
sights & smells of pseudomonas
|
pyocyanin
(blue-green pigment) grapelike odor |
|
|
toxins of pseudomonas
|
endotoxin
exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2) |
|
|
rx pseudomonas
|
aminoglycoside
+ extended-spectrum penicillin (piperacillin, ticarcillin) |
|
|
e coli virulence factors
|
fimbriae
--cystitis, pyelonephritis K capsule --pneumonia --neonatal meningitis endotoxin --septic shock |
|
|
who makes shiga-like toxin?
|
sHIga-like toxin
EHEC EIEC |
|
|
EIEC pathogenesis
|
microbe invades mucosa
toxin causes necrosis & inflammation |
|
|
ETEC pathogenesis
|
toxins:
heat labile heat stable |
|
|
EPEC pathogenesis
|
adheres
flattens villi prevents absorption |
|
|
EHEC -->
|
dysentery
shiga-like toxin --necrosis --inflammation hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
|
|
hemolytic uremic syndrome sxs
|
anemia
thrombocytopenia acute renal failure |
|
|
EHEC lab
|
does not ferment sorbitol
|
|
|
which e coli --> dysentery?
|
EIEC
EHEC |
|
|
e coli clinical presentations
|
EIEC:
invasive; dysentery ETEC: traveler's watery diarrhea EPEC: diarrhea, usu. pediatric EHEC: --dysentery --toxin alone --> necrosis & inflammation --HUS |
|
|
mechanism of hemolytic uremic syndrome (4)
|
endothelium swells and narrows lumen
mechanical hemolysis reduced renal blood flow damaged endothelium consumes platelets |
|
|
klebsiella
|
intestinal flora
lobar pneumonia when aspirated by diabetics & alcoholics red currant jelly sputum nosocomial UTIs |
|
|
both salmonella & shigella (2)
|
--invade mucosa
--bloody diarrhea |
|
|
salmonella (7)
|
flagella
hematogenous dissemination produce H2S sxs prolonged with abx monocytic response animal reservoir (except S. typhi) virulence: 10^5 organisms |
|
|
shigella (3)
|
virulence: 10 organisms
propel within a cell by actin polymerization transmission by food, fingers, feces, flies |
|
|
typhoid fever is caused by _
|
salmonella typhi
|
|
|
typhoid fever sxs
|
fever
diarrhea headache rose spots on abdomen |
|
|
campylobacter jejuni presentation
|
bloody diarrhea, esp in children
|
|
|
transmission of campylobacter jejuni
|
fecal-oral transmission through
poultry meat unpasteurized milk |
|
|
yersinia enterocolitica
transmission |
pet feces (e.g. puppies)
contaminated milk pork |
|
|
yersinia enterocolitica causes...
|
diarrrhea outbreaks in day care centers
mesenteric adenitis that mimics Crohn's or appendicitis |
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helicobacter pylori causes _ cancers
|
gastric adenocarcinoma
MALT lymphoma |
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|
h. pylori treatment
|
metronidazole
bismuth tetracycline or amoxicillin $$: metronidazole omeprazole clarithromycin |
|
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spirochetes have _ structure
|
axial filaments
|
|
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borrelia lab detection (2)
|
big
(unlike other spirochetes) can be visualized using aniline dyes (wright's or giemsa stain) |
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leptospira interrogans transmission
|
water contaminated with animal urine
surfers tropics |
|
|
leptospira interrogans sxs (6)
|
flulike symptoms
fever headache abdominal pain jaundice photophobia with conjunctivitis |
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severe form of leptospirosis
|
weil's disease=
icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis jaundice azotemia fever hemorrhage anemia |
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ixodes notably transmits...
|
borrelia burgorferi
babesia |
|
|
lyme disease rash
|
erythema chronicum migrans
bull's eye with central clearing |
|
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lyme disease 3 stages
|
erythema chronicum mirans
flulike sxs Bell's palsy AV block chronic monoarthritis migratory polyarthritis |
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lyme disease creatures
|
mice
deer ticks |
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treatment for lyme disease
|
doxycycline
ceftriaxone |
|
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syphilis stages
|
1
painless chancre 2 --disseminated --constitutional sxs --maculopapular rash (palms & soles) --condylomata lata 3 --gummas --aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction) --tabes dorsalis --argyll robertson pupil |
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syphilis gummas are
|
chronic granulomas
|
|
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syphilis tabes dorsalis is
|
degeneration of the dorsal columns
|
|
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condylomata lata
|
painless wart-like lesions on the genitals
|
|
|
congenital syphilis (5)
|
saber shins
saddle nose CN VIII deafness hutchinson's teeth mulberry molars |
|
|
signs of 3^ syphilis
|
broad based ataxia
positive Romberg Charcot joint stroke without hypertension |
|
|
VDRL false positives
|
VDRL
Viruses (mono, hepatitis) Drugs Rheumatic fever Lupus and leprosy |
|
|
bartonella
|
cat scratch fever
bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised |
|
|
people may mistake _ for Kaposi's sarcoma
|
bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised pts by bartonella
|
|
|
_ vectors/hosts of borrelia burgdorferi
|
ixodes ticks
deer mice |
|
|
recurrent fever is caused by _ and it's recurrent b/c _
|
borrelia recurrentis
variable surface antigens |
|
|
borrelia recurrentis is transmitted by _
|
louse
|
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brucella causes
|
brucellosis/undulant fever
|
|
|
brucella is transmitted by _
|
(unpasteurized) dairy products
contact with animals |
|
|
zoonotic disease by Francisella
|
tularemia
|
|
|
francisella tularensis is transmitted by _
|
tick bite
rabbits deer |
|
|
yersinia pestis transmission
|
flea bite
rodents esp. prairie dogs |
|
|
pasteurella multocida causes
|
cellulitis
osteomyelitis |
|
|
zoonotic bacterium that causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis
|
pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
pasteurella multocida transmission
|
animal bite
cats, dogs |
|
|
gardnerella vvaginalis is a _
(microbiology classification) |
pleomorphic
gram-variable rod |
|
|
gardnerella causes
|
vaginosis:
gray vaginal discharge fishy smell nonpainful |
|
|
treatment for gardnerella vaginalis/mobiluncus (an anaerobe) vaginosis
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
gardnerella/mobiluncus vaginosis:
a pathology finding under the microscope |
clue cells =
vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria |
|
|
rickettsiae are obligate intracellulars b/c they need
|
CoA and NAD+
|
|
|
rickettsiae symptoms (broad)
transmission (broad) |
Coxiella: aerosol; pneumonia
all other Rickettsiae: --arthropod vector --headache --fever --rash (vasculitis) |
|
|
treatment for all rickettsial diseases
|
doxycycline
|
|
|
rickettsial diseases
|
rocky mountain spotted fever
endemic typhus epidemic typhus ehrlichiosis Q fever |
|
|
rocky mountain spotted fever Tx
|
tick
|
|
|
endemic typhus
epidemic typhus Tx species |
endemic:
--fleas --R. typhi epidemic: --human body louse --R. prowazekii |
|
|
ehrlichiosis sxs
|
no rash
granulocytes with berry cluster organisms |
|
|
ehrlichiosis transmission
|
tick
|
|
|
Q fever transmission
|
tick feces
cattle placenta spores inhaled as aerosols |
|
|
rickettsial vs. typhus rash
|
starts @ hands and feet
starts centrally, spreads outward without involving palms & soles |
|
|
Q fever is Queer b/c unlike other rickettsiae...
|
no rash
no vector negative Weil-Felix Coxiella can survive outside for a long time |
|
|
weil-felix reaction
|
a patient's antirickettsial antibodies cross-react with
Proteus O antigens -->agglutination |
|
|
palm & sole rash is seen in what infections?
|
Coxsackievirus A
Rocky mountain spotted fever Syphilis you drive CARS using your palms and soles |
|
|
hand foot and mouth disease is caused by _
|
Coxsackievirus A
|
|
|
chlamydia are obligate intracellular b/c
|
cannot make their own ATP
|
|
|
cchlamydiae cause (broad term) infection of _ part of body
|
mucosal
|
|
|
chlamydiae two forms
|
elementary body
--enfectious --enters cell via endocytosis reticulate body --replicates in cell by fission --seen on tissue culture |
|
|
lab diagnosis of chlamydia
|
cytoplasmic inclusions
on --Giemsa --florescent antibody-stain |
|
|
chlamydia has two other notable species _
that cause _ transmitted by _ |
chlamydia pneumoniae
chlamydiae psittaci atypical pneumonia aerosol |
|
|
treatment for chlamydia
|
doxycycline
azithromycin |
|
|
chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B, C
|
--chronic infection
--blindness due to follicular conjunctivitis, in Africa A, B, C: Africa, Blindness, Chronic infection |
|
|
chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K
|
urethritis/PID
ectopic pregnancy neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough) neonatal conjunctivitis |
|
|
chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
do not confuse lymphogranuloma venereum with...
caused by _ |
granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)
caused by Klebsiella granulomatis |
|
|
neonatal disease by chlamydia can be acquired by _
rx _ |
passsage through infected birth canal
azithromycin |
|
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae walking pneumonia sxs
|
insidious onset
headache nonproductive cough diffuse interstitial infiltrate |
|
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae diagnostics
|
x-ray looks worse than patient
high titer of cold agglutinins (IgM) which can agglutinate or lyse RBCs |
|
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae media
|
Eaton's agar
|
|
|
Rx for mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
tetracycline
erythromycin |
|
|
the only bacteria whose membrane contains cholesterol is...
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
mycoplasmal pneumonia epi
|
more common in pts < 30 yrs
frequent outbreaks: --military recuits --prisons |
