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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Population Equation
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Nt+1= Nt +birth +immigration-Death- Emigration
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Why were there so few people up until the last 1000 years?
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less medicine and agriculture
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Where is most of the worlds population? where is the least?
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Asia (some europe), Australia or NA
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What happened between 1960 - 75 to population? 75-87
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added 1 billion people, another billion
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What did Malthus notice about Human population when compared to food production? whats that mean?
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We grow Geometrically ( 2-4-8) and ag grows (1-2-3-4-), we will eventually starve.
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What is odd about the world population and growth rates in regions
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The world population isn't distributed evenly, and growth rates aren't either
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Why are some countries growing, others stable, or declining?
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It shows that developing countries are growing quicker, while developed are stable or falling
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define the Rate of natural increase?
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Rate a which a population is increasing in a year due to surplus of births over deaths
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What happened to population growth in the 60's? from what to what? and then in the 80's?
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.5-2.0% growth, then drop to 1.7 or 1.4
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Equation for rate of natural increase?
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Crude birth rate- crude death rate
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The average annual number of live births during a year per 1000 population
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Crude birth rate, opposite for crude death rate.
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What countries are showing a population decline? incline?
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Finland, Belgium. Cameroon
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Define replacement reproduction?
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Replacement of a couple with the same number of people.
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What is the replacement rate of a population that is stable?
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2.1 or 2.2
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Where did the US population growth rate come from?
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2/3's from natural increase, 1/3 from immigration
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3 reasons people migrate?
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Economic, political, and religious
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Where did all the original us immigrants come from? Where do they come from now?
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Europe, Asia or LA
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What does a rapid population age structure look like?
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Wide at bottom, narrow at top, with him child mortality
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What does a zero grow population structure look like? or a Declining
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Zero is pretty flat until the top, declining is skinnier at bottom and fat at top
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What are the patterns of world urbanization populations?
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Urban areas house most of the world population, especially in less developed countries
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How does a womens age at first reproduction relate to population size?
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Less developed countries have kids earlier, they will have more kids throughout their life= population growth
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Shorter generation times will =
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Faster population growth
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What two main factors about women affect population size?
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Age at first birth and education level
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How is a coutries health status measured?
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by infant mortality, the healthier the kids, the more people
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What is a major player in many countries to the reason of reduced life expectancy? two main countries?
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Aids, AFRICA, and asia
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What is the Greenhouse effect?
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The sun is giving off heat, its reflected by atmospher and earth, some is kept and held in by greenhouse gasses which heats the surface
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3 examples of greenhouse gasses?
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CO2, CH4, and O3
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How do we know that the earth's climate has change many times throughout history?
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its tilt, its changed every 26,000 years which causes freezing and heating
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4 ways to tell that this warming is different?
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tree rings- can tell how much carbon is in the atmosphere, coral- can tell amount of carbon in oceans, ice core- tells gasses and rain, lake and ocean sediments- soil layers
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What does the historical temperature patterns tell us?
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That we heat and cool all the time, but its not straight lines.more squiggly
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What is different about CO2 levels in todays climates?
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CO2 is directly tied to temperature, there is more CO2 in todays atmospher then ever in the pass 400,000 yrs.
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What are 4 pieces of evidence that we have that we're altering the global climate?
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Rising ocean temps, Mauna loa data, Ice cores, Coral layers.
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what is Mauna loa data?
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Data collected in undisturbed areas for CO2 buildup
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What is the thermal expansion of sea water? what is are two effects?
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The warming temps are expanding the water, melting the ice caps and flooding coast lines
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what do we predict will happen to ocean currents due to expanding and warming?
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The warm currents will move further south and north, melting the icecaps
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What current changes are we seeing due to a rise in warm temperatures leaving the equator?
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Many tropical diseases are moving from the equator regions and infecting further north and south
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What does the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate chnge think about it?
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That we're having an affect on our earth's temps! duh
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What did the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change propose? whats wrong?
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the Kyoto Protocol, The US is the major country not participating!
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What are the 5 wedges on how to decrease carbon emissions
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End-user efficency, Power Generation, Carbon capture, Alternative energy source, Ag and forestry
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3 ways I can reduce my carbon footprint?>
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Increase fuel economy, drive less, or Reduce the amount of electricity i use
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What else can i do to help the world? 5 things
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Walk, better windows, efficent appliances, reduce garbage, and plant trees
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What is an Ecosystem?
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A community of different species interacting with one another within their nonliving, abiotic environment
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What allows us to have life on earth? 3 examples?
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Abiotic factors, Sun, climate, gravity
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2 factors that define an ecosystem?
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Interaction between abiotic factors and communities of organisms
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Describe the water cycle?
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Evaporation from ocean and transpiration from plants, condenses in clouds, moves, precipitation, runoff and percolation
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how long is water stored in the atmosphere? or rivers?
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9 days, 12 days
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What are two factors that make the water cycle work?
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Gravity and the Sun
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3 ways humans affect the water cycle?
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Clear vegetation, pull groundwater, and modify water quality
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what are the outcomes of reduced infiltration?>
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Floods, soil movement, and contamination of water
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How do humans affect infiltration?
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Roads, sidewalks, buildings
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Describe the nitrogen Cycle?
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Atmospheric N will oxidize, Plants use it for food, animals use plants for N, This is then broken down by microbes and eventually converted back to gas
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Human impacts on Nitrogen cycling?
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As we apply it to crops, it builds up and adds too much
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Describe the Phosphorous cycle? 5 steps
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Rocks are weathered, it goes to soil, the plants, then animal, and back into the soil
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Difference between phosphorus cycling and Nitrogen
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P is much much slower
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how has agriculture affected N and P in the world?
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Doubled Nitorgen and Quintupled Phosphorus
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What is Eutrophication?
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the addition of limiting nutrients to aquatic systems
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What is the most widely spread problem with water pollution?
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Eutrophication
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What is wrong with eutrophication in fresh water?
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Algae will thrive, Depletes oxygen in water, loss of fish and astetic value= loss of ecosystem services
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how are coastal regions affected by Eutrophication?
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Decreased biodiversity, increase algae, kill coral reef= loss of ecosystem service!!!
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Define a Dead zone
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An area where a river meets the ocean and eutrophication is so powerful that nothing can grow in these waters, due to lack of oxygen in water
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What happens to shellfish in the algae blooms when they release their toxin?
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it thins their shell
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Whats wrong with killing algae?
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Its a nursery ground for many animals!
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What is one policy or solution for Eutrophication? its objective? who enforces?
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Clean water act, to balance out the chemical, physical, and bio integrity of the nations waters, EPA
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Four targets in the Clean water act?
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Aquatic life, Human health, biological, and soil Sediment
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What % of earth is water?
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70
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3 reasons why the H-Bond in Water is so important?
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Give it a high boiling and low freezing point, changes temps slower, good solvent
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Where does most of the freshwater in the water cycle come from?
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Terestrial = 2/3, not ocean
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how much of Earths water is fresh? what is available and fresh?
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2.6%, .014%
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5 ways humans use water?
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Health, Ag, Transportation, Rec, and Energy
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Why are melting glaciers important?
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The melting good destablize global climate patterns by disturbing the ocean currents that bring warm or cold air
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Where is most of the available fresh water on earth?
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Underground
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what % of humans rely on groundwater?
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25%
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What % of the earths groundwater is nonrenewable?
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75%
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What is a major issue with ground water near coastal regions?
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we're using the water too quickly, it disrupts the underground flow, allows salt water into fresh water which ruins aquifers!
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Whats the Story of the Aral "Sea"
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In the 60's it was great for freshwater fishing, used the water for irrigation, fishing got eliminated and now its salt water
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2 major problems with dams
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Disconnects rivers from floodplains and slows the rivers velocity
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Why is the Three Gorges dam so important? whats wrong?
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Huge power source, Less flooding,Moved 1 million people, loss of habitat
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What is the predicted major world conflict? between who?
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Water, Ag, Industry, and housing
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More humans= what for water?
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More stress
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What is good about US wateR?
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Its very abundant, almost all areas recieve water
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What are the water wars in the SW US between? who uses it? (2)
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LA, Vegas, Phoenix, Ag and Industry
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What wrong with irrigated agriculture?
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Over 50% of the water used to irrigate the crops is not even recieved by the plants
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What is dryland salinization
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Saline groundwater arises, causing soil salinization
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Why are alot of kids in poorer countries dieing?
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Lack of fresh water!, 1-5 people has no access to fresh water
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What is GDP often an indicator of?
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The countries standard of living
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In which regions of the world are there high biological diversity?
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Where there are high levels of poverty
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What % of deaths are directly linked to Environmental factors- primarily Water and Air?
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25
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Describe the Environmental Kuznet's Curve?
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It's U shaped, It shows that poor countries have great biodiversity, and developing are at the low point, developed goes back up. Its Quality over development
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Where is unsafe water a major risk? what % of it?
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Africa, 50
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What are 4 indirect influences on the environment
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Gasoline consumption, Solid waste, Electronic waste, and Food Production
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How many people per car in US
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2 :1
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2 big dogs in fossil fuel consumption?
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US and china
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2 major products that make up our solid waste production?
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Packaging of everything!, and yard waste
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Where does all our e waste go?
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To china, then the metals are harvested for cash= pollution!!!
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How is the world population divided up?
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Unevenly, More on the far east less in the west
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% of earth surface that is disturbed by humans?
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75
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Is caloric intake distributed evenly throughout the globe?
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No less in africa, more in america
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3 places the US corn production goes to?
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Meat, biofuels, and Corn Syrup
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Sugars can create what kind of fuel? Oils create? What are biofuels?
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Ethanol, Biodiesel, Fuels derived from recently dead organisms
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3 top crops for biofuels?
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Sugar Cane, Sugar beet, and Palm
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order of amount consumed? chicken beef goat pork
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Pork chicken beef goat
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3 major global problems with meat production?
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WAter, land clearing, and gas emissions
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What is virtual water?
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Water used in the production of a good or service
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What is the idea of global trade?
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Countries that can produce more food than they need will trade to other countries
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What is the most water intensive crop?
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Coffee or beef
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Where does the world shrimp come from? 2 spots
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Under india and SA
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Whats wrong with the shrimp trade?
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The farms are ruining estuaries down there due to fecal matter
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How many speices go extinct per day?
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25-50
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2 Major threats to biodiversity?
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habitat loss and alien speices
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What is the Key to establishing an new in-situ population?
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Habitat, They have to recognize it!
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What is in situ vs ex-situ?
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In-situ is wild conservation while ex-situ is captive
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Examples of Ex-situ facilities
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Zoo, Aquarium, and game farms
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What is good about Ex-situ
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IT has a very high success rate!
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2 big problems people have with ex-situ?
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low genetic diversity and If the habitat no longer exists its pointless!
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Name one major species that is currently on the track to being rescued due to the Ex-situ efforts
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the Golden Lion Tamarin
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What is a protected area?
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An area of land or sea that is dedicated to protection and maintenace of biological diversity
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4 considerations for selecting and designing protected areas
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reserve size, heterogenity, landscape context, and habitat connectivity
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What is the Species area relationship?
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More Area = more diverse species
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whats the effect of isolation?
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The more isolated = less species diversity
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What is Habitat Fragmentation?
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Breaking up a habitat into smaller, isolated patches, Decreases the total area, but increases edges
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What are edge effects?
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Increased edge habitats will get more sun, more plants, less water.... more wind
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Why is habitat connectivity so important?
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If species can't interact with eachother then there is no diversity within a community
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What are three ways of managing habitat today?
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Native restoration of roadsides, Road over/underpasses for animals, and educating landowners
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1 Example of a designed network of protected areas? whats it mean?
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Yellowstone to Yukon conservation initiative, Buy out land to conserve it fo speices so they can migrate or use the land naturally
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Defintion of Disease?
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An Abnormal condition that impairs bodily fuctions
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how have human changes altered the affects of many diseases?
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CO2 and ozone= fungal disease, nutrient and temp= coral disease.
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4 things besides pathogen that are in the pathogen web
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Environment, vector, host, and consumer
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What human disease problems come from air>?
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Respiratory infections,
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2 human disease problems coming from water
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Diarrhea and Malaria
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Where are most Air pollution deaths
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Middle east or asia
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Where are most water pollution deaths?
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Africa
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what is the number one major human disease?
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Malaria
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Why are these human disease becoming more of an issue?
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Climate change is allowing them to move away from their regular habitats and affect the other areas
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What % of disease can affect both animals and humans? why should we eat bush meat!!!!
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60% they can carry aids!
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Why is bush meat becoming popular?
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High value, or its the only thing available
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Whats up with bird flu?
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Its spreading along with other disease, but its more because of the migratory pattern in birds
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Why is the green crab a major pest in all countries but Europe?
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Because its where it is native, it has alot of pests that will control population, most of these pests do not exisit in other climates around the world.
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