Yyyy Thyroid Gland

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TG responsible for the production of two hormones:

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thyroid hormone and calcitonin

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- is secreted by parafollicular C cells and is involved in calcium homeostasis

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Calcitonin

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- is critical in regulating body metabolism, neurologic development, and numerous other body functions

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Thyroid hormone

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Thyroid hormone is made primarily of the trace element _______, making _____ metabolism a key determinant in thyroid function

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iodine

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It is also present in _______, a medication used to treat certain heart conditions

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amiodarone

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Thyroid gland located in trachea-larynx area; composed of two lobes that consist of two types of cells

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Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

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are single layer of epithelial cells arranged spherically to create a follicle

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Follicular cells

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secrete calcitonin, which is involved with calcium regulation

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Parafollicular cells

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- central core of fluid which are surrounded by thyroid cells

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Colloid

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- are the structural and functional units of a thyroid gland

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The thyroid follicles

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- is a glycoprotein manufactured exclusively by thyroid follicular cells and rich in the amino acid tyrosine

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Thyroglobulin

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• - it actively transports iodine into the thyroid cell

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Na/I symporter

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- it oxidizes the concentrated iodide and binds it with tyrosyl residues on thyroglobulin

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thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

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The three major binding proteins of thyroid hormone, in order of significance, are

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thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

thyroxine-binding prealbumin(TBPA)

and albumin.

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is released by hypothalamus and stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone.

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Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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is the principal carrier protein.

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TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin)

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are classifiedas thyrotropin-receptor antibodies (TRAbs). They bind to TSH receptor sites and activate thyroid epithelial cells

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Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI)

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cause tissue destruction, and analysis is generally directed to measurement of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAbs). TPOAbs are detected in Hashimoto thyroiditisand in Graves disease

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Thyroid antimicrosomal antibodies (TMAbs)

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do not cause damage to the gland

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Antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs)

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Thyroid antibodies

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#Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI)

#Thyroid antimicrosomal antibodies(TMAbs)

#Antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs)

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characterized by enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), impaired speech and memory, fatigue, weight gain, personality changes, cold intolerance, increased serum cholesterol and LDL, and so on

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Hypothyroidism

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: Advanced form of hypothyroidism

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Myxedema

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, total T 3 (TT 3 ), total T 4 (TT 4 ), FT 3 , and FT 4 are decreased in the serum; TSH is increased in the serum.

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primary hypothyroidism

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If untreated in first 3 months of life, irreversible neurological and mental deficiency occurs; newborn screening is required in U.S

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Congenital hypothyroidism/cretinism:

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: Most common cause of primary hypothyroidism; chronic autoimmune thyroiditis; TPOAb, TMAb, andTgAb present

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Hashimoto disease

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defined as a low free T4 level with a normal or high TSH—is one of the most common disorders of the thyroid gland, occurring in 5% to 15% of women over the age of 65

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Hypothyroidism

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Types of Hypothyroidism

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Primary - Thyroid gland dysfunction • Secondary- Pituitary dysfunction • Tertiary - Hypothalamic dysfunction

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is characterized by weight and muscle loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, nervousness, exophthalmos.

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Hyperthyroidism

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total T 3 , total T 4 , FT 3 , and FT 4 are increased in the serum; TSH is decreased in the serum

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primary hyperthyroidism,

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: Increased serum levels of thyroid hormones

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Thyrotoxicosis

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: Life-threatening complication of uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis

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Thyroid storm

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: Most common cause of thyrotoxicosis; exhibits diffuse toxic goiter; autoimmune disorder with TRAb and TSI present

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Graves disease

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is a constellation of findings that result when peripheral tissues are presented with, and respond to, an excess of thyroid hormone. • ___________ can be the result of excessive thyroid hormone ingestion, leakage of stored thyroid hormone from storage in the thyroid follicles, or excessive thyroid gland production of thyroid hormone.

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Thyrotoxicosis

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– The most useful test for assessing thyroid function is the TSH, currently in its third generation

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

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- The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disorder. the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis

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Graves' disease

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—commonly known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis

this condition, antibodies lead to decreased thyroid hormone production by destruction of the thyroid gland, which is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developed world.

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Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

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significance of ________ in the assessment of thyroid anatomy and characterization of palpable thyroid abnormalities has progressively increased in the last several years

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thyroid ultrasound

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biopsy is often the first step andmost accurate tool in the evaluation of thyroid nodules in the absence of hyperthyroidism.

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Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA)

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refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland in the presence of an abnormal concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

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Euthyroid

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The Free T 4 index (FT 4 I) is an indirect estimation of the free T 4 concentration in serum adjusted for any interference that may be caused by an abnormality in the binding proteins.

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Free T 4 index (FT 4 I) = Total T 4 X THBR