Yyyy Pituitary

Front 1

It is called as “master gland”

• Also known as “hypophysis”from Greek meaning“undergrowth,” attesting to itsunique position under thehypothalamus.

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Pituitary gland

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The pituitary resides in a pocket of the sphenoid (the __________, meaning “Turkish saddle”) and is surrounded by dura mater.

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sella turcica

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the inferior portion of the hypothalamus

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Median eminence

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is the other critical event in the formation of the hypothalamic–hypophyseal unit; is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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Pituitary stalk

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3 Parts of Pituitary Gland

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1.Anterior pituitary gland = adenohypophysis

2.intermediate lobe or pars intermedialis

3.posterior pituitary =neurohypophysis

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It is the largest portion of the gland, originates from Rathke pouch( an evagination of buccal ectoderm that progressively extends upward and is eventually enveloped by the sphenoid bone)

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Anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis

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receives 80% to 90% of its blood supply and many hypothalamic factors via the hypothalamic–hypophyseal portal system, also contained in the stalk.

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Anterior pituitary

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(prolactin-secreting cells)

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lactotrophs

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(growth hormone [GH]- secreting cells)

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somatotrophs

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(thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]-secreting cells)

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thyrotrophs

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(adrenocorticotropin hormone [ACTH]-secreting cells)

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corticotrophs

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(luteinizing hormone [LH]- and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]-secreting cells)

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gonadotrophs

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•It is poorly developed in humans and has littlefunctional capacity

•It confuses radiologists by forming nonfunctional,benign, cystic enlargements of the pituitary

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Intermediate Lobe Or Pars Intermedialis

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It arises from the diencephalon

• It is responsible for storing and releasing oxytocin and vasopressin(also called antidiuretic hormone [ADH]

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Posterior pituitary gland

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connected to the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (where vasopressin and oxytocinare produced) by way of two, distinct neurosecretory tracts, the supraopticohypophyseal and tuberohypophyseal tracts, which pass through the pituitary stalk.

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Posterior pituitary

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- their actions are specific for another endocrine gland

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tropic hormones

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•- because they act directly on peripheral tissue

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direct effectors

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- which directs testosterone production from Leydig cells in men and ovulation in women

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LH

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- which is responsible for ovarian recruitment and early folliculogenesis in women and spermatogenesis in men

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FSH

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• - which directs thyroid hormone production from the thyroid

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TSH

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- which regulates adrenal steroidogenesis

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ACTH

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Tropic or Direct Hormone?

-LH

-Prolactin

-FSH

-GH

-ACTH

-TSH

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Prolactin and GH are both Direct Hormone. The rest, Tropic Hormone.

Front 23

has direct effects on substrate metabolism in numerous tissues and also stimulates the liver to produce growth factors that are critical in enhancing linear growth

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GH

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GH Reference range:

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Basal level 2-5 ng/mL

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Although GH has direct effects on many tissues, it also has indirect effects that are mediated by factors that were initially called ________

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somatomedins

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somatomedin C, the major growth factor induced by GH,

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somatomedin C = Insulin-like growth factor(IGF)

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Definitive testing for determining the autonomous production of GH relies upon the normal suppressibility of GH by

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oral glucose loading.

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is generally caused by a growth hormone- secreting pituitary tumor.

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Acromegaly

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Increased GH in childhood

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Gigantism

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Increased GH in adulthood

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Acromegaly

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is structurally related to GH and human placental lactogen.

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Prolactin

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is the only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits prolactin and is now considered to be the elusive PIF

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dopamine

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was once considered a polypeptide hormone capable of inhibiting prolactin secretion;

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Prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF)

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Prolactin reference ranges:

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Male: 3.0-14.7 ng/mL

Female: 3.8-23.0 ng/mL

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is a pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin, and it represents the most common type of functional pituitary tumor

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prolactinoma

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-Lactation occurring in women with normal prolactin levels is defined as _______

-This condition is usually seen in women who have been pregnant several times and has no pathologic implication, but may be a manifestation of a localized increased sensitivity to prolactin in breast tissue

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idiopathic galactorrhea.

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Releases TSH & Prolactin

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Thyrotropin - Releasing Hormone

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Releases LH & FSH

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Gonadotropin - Releasing Hormone

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Releases ACTH

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Corticotropin - Releasing Hormone

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Inhibit GH & TSH release

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Somatostatin

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Inhibit Prolactin release

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Dopamine

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acts primarily on germinal stem cells

• acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate protein synthesis,spermatogenesis,inhibin, and androgen-binding protein

• stimulates ovary to produce steroids

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FSH

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acts primarily on the Leydig cells —located in the testicular interstitium—that synthesize testosterone

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Luteinizing Hormone

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luteinizing hormone turns the follicle into the ________ by triggering ovulation

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corpeus luteum

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signals the follicular cell to ingest a microscopic droplet of colloid by endocytosis

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TSH

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The failure of either the pituitary or the hypothalamus results in the loss of anterior pituitary function

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Hypopituitarism

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- Complete loss of function

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Panhypopituitarism

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-there may be a loss of only a single pituitary hormone

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Monotropic hormone deficiency

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Hormones of Posterior pituitary (neurohypophyseal system):

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a. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin

b. oxytocin

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controls water homeostasis by affecting the permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney and enhancing water resorption, which makes the urine more concentrated and the blood more dilute.

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ADH

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raises blood pressure by stimulating musculature of arterioles and capillaries, affects uterine contraction, and promotes intestinal muscle contraction.

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ADH

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- occurs when there is uncontrolled secretion of ADH without any known stimulus for such release.

- In this syndrome, ADH is released even though the blood volume isnormal or increased and plasma osmolality is low.

- This disorder may be caused by ectopic tumor production of ADH as in small cell carcinoma of the lung, central nervous system (CNS)disease, pulmonary disease, or as a side effect of administration of certain drug

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The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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the patient may require a water deprivation test in which fluids are withheld from the patient and serial determinations of serum and urine osmolality are performed in an attempt to document the patient's ability to conserve water.

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Diabetes Insipidus

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-Under selected circumstances, a health care provider may simply offer a therapeutic trial of vasopressin or a synthetic analog such as

___________ and assess the patient's response

-ADH Diabetes Insipidus synthetic analog

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desmopressin (dDAVP)

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Uterine stretch receptors stimulate the release of ________, which in turn stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.

• The action of suckling stimulates tactile receptors that promote the secretion of ______, which causes ejection of breast milk

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oxytocin