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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major groups of normal skin flora
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Staphylococci epidermidis, Micrococcus, staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium, propionibacterium, candida, malassezia Furfur
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Main causative agent of hair follicle infections
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staphylococcus aureus
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Name the hair follicle infections starting from the surface and going deeper
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Folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncle
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what are the two causative agents of folliculitis?
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Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeurginosa
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where does a furuncle develop?
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in the hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat glands
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what are furuncles often a complications of?
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acne vulgairs
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what is a stye?
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infection at the base of an eyelash (furuncle)
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what does a carbuncle result from? what can this lead to?
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spread of infection to adjacent subcutaneous tissues; bacteremia
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in Chronic furunculosis, what is responsible for inflammation and necrosis?
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delayed-type hypersensitivity
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what are the risk factors associated with chronic Furunculosis?
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diabetes, acne, dermatitis, and tight skinny jeans
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what is the mechanism of protein A in staphylococcus aureus?
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binds to Fc region of IgG class antibodies. This presents opsonization of the pathogen, protecting it against phagocytosis. This also halts the complement cascade.
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what are the 5 -ases that staphylococcus aureus produces to protect itself?
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hyaluronidase, coagulase, staphylokinase, lipases, beta-lactamase
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what is a complication of streptococcal impetigo? what critter is to blame?
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acute glomerular nephritis due to a complication of Streptococcal pyogenes
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which one is deeper cellulitis or erysipelas? which one has the potential for bacteremia?
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cellulitis; erysipelas
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key finding to determine difference between cellulitis and erysipelas?
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bright red and sharp demarcated border, very painful
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what is are the predispoing factors for cellulitis?
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Diabetes, venous stasis, LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION, alcohol abuse
that one is all caps because its red in her powerpoint |
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where does the exotoxin of staph aureus split the epidermis?
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just below keratinized outer layer- dissolution of epidermal desmosomes
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who is affected by Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
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infants and children less than 5
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Gram negative coccobacilli, obligate intracellular bacteria, destroys cells by replicating.
what category of diseases fits this? |
Rickettsial diseases
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rashes starting on hands and feet and move centripetally. Dx and name the organism that causes this.
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsia
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Rash appears first then fever 3-7 days after the appearance of the papulovesicular skin rash.Dx and name the pathogen
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Rickettsialpox; Rickettsia akari
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Fever appears first then maculopapularrash 7 days after the Fever started. Spreads centrifugally. Dx and name the pathogen
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Epidemic Typhus; Rickettsia prowazekii
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What disease can appear years after having and epidemic typhus infection?
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Brill-zinsser dz
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This disease has three stages and presents with a target rash and flu like symptoms. Dx and name the steps and the pathogen
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Lyme Dz
step 1: erythema migrans step 2: heart and NS are involved- pacemaker and facial paralysis step 3: arthritis pathogen: Borrelia borgdorferi |
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what pathogen triggers angiogenesis in the body? what is the affiliated disease?
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Bartonella hensalae- cat scratch disease
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76 WF presents with febrile lymphadenitis, skin rashes and conjunctivitis. She informs you that she just found a cat a few days ago and she was caring for it. How would you confirm your diagnosis and treat this patient?
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dx: indirect, fluorescent antibody against Bartonellal henselae antigen
Tx: azithromycin, eyrthromycin |
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what are the 3 routes in which bacillus anthracis can be acquired? which one do you worry the most about?
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inoculation, ingestion and inhalation (wool-sorters disease)
worry about inhalation |
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56 BM postal office worker presents with a large circular necrotic region on his arm. He said he had cut that arm a few weeks prior cutting down a tree. Dx:
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Cutaneous anthrax
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25 WF presents with what appears to be a bad sunburn with little pustules all over her body. They said that they started on her neck and face and then they spread out from there. This is day six of her rash and some areas are starting to peel. dx and name pathogen
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Scarlet fever, group A streptococci
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what are the 2 virulence Factors that rubeola has? what are their jobs?
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H- attachment to host
M- fusion of viral outermembrane with host cell |
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4 YO Native american male is brought in with a high fever, sore throat and conjunctivitis. Upon physical examination, you found what looked to be grains of salt surrounded by a red halo on the gums of his mouth. He also had some maculopapular lesions on his head. Dx and name the pathogen
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dx: Rubeola (measles)
pathogen: Rubeola virus |
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what is the rare complication of measles that won't appear until anywhere from 1-10 years after the initial infection? what causes it?
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subacute sclerosing panencephalitis due to a defective measles virus that cannot make a capsid
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Brick shaped virus that is unstable outside of the body. Name the disease and how infective it is
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Smallpox
the crusts can remain infective for up to 2 years |
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T/F
in superficial cutaneous mycosis living tissue is invaded and pathological changes are elicited |
FALSE:
the tissue is not invaded, only the dead keratinized cells, and no pathological changes are elicited |
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27 BF comes into your office wondering about these light patches that showed up on her body not too long ago. You, know what to do to test a hypothesis, scrap the patch and dissolve it in KOH. It comes back with clear fungal involvement. Dx and name the pathogen.
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Tinea Versicolor
Malassezia furfur |
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T/F
in cutaneous mycosis living tissue is not invaded, but there are pathological changes. |
TRUE
due to the infectious organism and its metabolic products |
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what are the two causative agents of cutaneous mycoses?
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Dermatophytes (epidermophyton, microsporum, trichophyton) and candid
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what enables dermatophytes to invade structures?
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keratinase
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3 WM is brought into your office because his was scratching his head a lot. Upon evaluation, you noted a scaly area surround by redness and a lacy pattern on the skin. The boys names were also thickened and brittle. Dx and name the pathogen
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Ringworm, Dematophyte
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what are the causative agents of subcutaneous mycoses?
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soil saprophytes
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Dematiaceous fungi (dark-brown, black) arounded sclerotic bodies.
dx |
chromoblastomycosis
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Dematiaceous fungi, tissue morphology myelial
dx |
phaeohyphomycosis
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acremoniumm, aspergillus- hard nodule which softens and ulcerates- discharge of viscous purulent fluid
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mycetoma
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43WM comes in complaining about a cut that he received while gardening a week or so ago. Upon examination, you notice that all of the lymph nodes in a line from the cut are swollen. Dx and name the pathogen
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Rose Gardener's Disease
Sporothrix schenckii |
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how do superantigens cause toxic shock?
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by releasing a large amount of cytokines
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45 BM is in the hospital with a urethral catheter. The nurse notices a weird slimy substance on the tube where it enters the urethra. Name the pathogen and name the possible results of this
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Staphylococcus epidermidis; results in subacute bacterial endocarditis or multiple tissue abscesses in people with injured host defenses (cancer DM)
The epidermidis can result in those things is the organism is loosened form the biofilm and carried to the heart via the bloodstream. |
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what does exotoxin a of s. pyogenes do?
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overactivates the cell mediated immune system
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which pathogen is the biggest problem for CF pts because it forms biofilms in the lungs?
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Pseudomonas aeurginosa
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what is lockjaw characterized by?
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painful, uncontrollable muscle spasm
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how do patients usually die from lockjaw?
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pneumonia or stomach contents regurgitated into lungs
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what is the causative agent of lockjaw?
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clostridium tetani
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what is the toxin that is produced by clostridium tetani? what makes it so dangerous?
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tetanospasmin... blocks action of inhibitor neurons so muscle will continually contract
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what is the immunization for tetanus composed of? what is the tx?
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inactivated tetanus toxoid
tx: antitoxin (Tetanus Immune Globulin - TIG) |
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Histological slide presents to you will a club shape. What is it?
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clostridium
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56 WM comes into your office complaining of a swollen wound on his leg with brownish frothy fluid leaking from it. He says he was stabbed a week or so ago with a broken beer bottle at a bar, but he was pretty sure he got all the glass out. Dx and name the pathogen
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gas gangrene
clostridium perfringens |
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How does alpha toxin destroy host cell membranes?
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hydrolysis of key components of the cell membrane such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, muscle cells
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which pathogen causes a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar? why does it do that?
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clostridium perfringens
alpha toxin causes alpha-hemolysis which is the outer zone, and theta toxin causes beta- hemolysis which is the inner zone. |
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what is the function of the theta toxin?
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alters capillary and membrane permeability, its toxic to heart muscle and its pore-forming
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Gram negative rod, some strains produce a toxin that is cytotoxic, capsules are antiphagocytic so they form abscess, its susceptible to penicillin and its associated with bite wounds
Pathogen? |
Pasteurella multocida
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Vector- sandfly
presents with localized ulcer or nodule. Dx and name pathogen |
Cutaneous Leshmaniasis and Leishmania
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define paronychia
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inflammation of the nailfolds
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what is acute paronychia commonly caused by? how do you tx it?
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Staph aureus or b-hemolytic streptococci; incision and drainage
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define chronic paronychia. what causes it and how do you tx it?
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inflammation of proximal nail fold; caused: S. Aureus and Streptococci
tx: avoid exposure, keep nails dry, topical steroids |
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66 WF comes into your office complaining about the green-black color under her nail. You apply pressure to the nail and immediately elicit a gasp of pain from the pt. dx
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dx: subungual hematoma
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a 55 AM comes into your office complaining that he has not been able to go and do his dental practice because his finger has swollen and extremely painful. Dx and pathogen
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Herpetic Whitlow
pathogen: herpes simplex |
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what are two most common causes of fungal infection? what are the remaining four that can invade the nail plate?
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common: Tricophyton rubrum and mentagrophytes
non-common: aspergillus, cephalosporium, fusarium and scopulariopsis. |
